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The naval mutinies of 1797 were unprecedented in scale and impressive in their level of organisation. Under threat of French invasion, crews in the Royal Navy's home fleet, after making clear demands, refused to sail until their demands were met. Subsequent mutinies affected the crews of more than one hundred ships in at least five home anchorages, replicated in the Mediterranean, Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Channel Fleet seamen pursued their grievances of pay and conditions by traditional petitions to their commanding officer, Admiral Richard Howe, but his flawed comprehension and communications were further exacerbated by the Admiralty. The Spithead mutiny became the seamen's last resort. Ironically Howe acknowledged the justice of their position and was instrumental in resolving the Spithead mutiny, but this did not prevent occurrences at the Nore and elsewhere. The most extensive approach since Conrad Gill's seminal and eponymous volume of 1913, 'The Naval Mutinies of 1797' focuses on new research, re-evaluating the causes, events, interpretations, discipline, relationships between officers and men, political inputs and affiliations and crucially, the rôle of the Irish and quota men. It poses new answers to old questions and suggests a new synthesis - self-determination - the seamen on their own terms. ANN VERONICA COATS is senior lecturer in the the School of Civil Engineering and Surveying at the University of Portsmouth and is Secretary of the Naval Dockyards Society. PHILIP MACDOUGALL is a writer and historian, author of seven books, with a doctorate on naval history from the University of Kent at Canterbury.

Hermione Mutiny, 1797. --- Mutiny --- Nore Mutiny, 1797. --- Spithead Mutiny, 1797. --- Insubordination --- Military offenses --- Naval offenses --- History --- Great Britain --- History, Naval --- Mutinies --- 1797. --- British Navy. --- Irish Sailors. --- Naval Mutinies. --- Political Dispute. --- Richard Howe. --- Royal Navy. --- Seamen.

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Shows how the rise of evangelical religion in the navy helped create a new kind of sailor, technologically trained and steeped in a higher set of values. This book examines how, as the nineteenth century progressed, religious piety, especially evangelical piety, was seen in the British navy less as eccentric and marginal and more as an essential ingredient of the character looked for in professional seamen. The book traces the complex interplay between formal religious observance, such as Sunday worship, and pockets of zealous piety, showing how evangelicalism gradually earned less grudging regard, until inthe 1860s and 1870s it became a dominant source of values and a force for moral reform. Religion in the British Navy explains this shift, outlining how Arctic expeditions showed the need for dependability and character, how Health Returns revealed the full extent of sexual licence and demonstrated the urgency of moral reform, and how manning difficulties in the Russian War of 1854-1856 showed that a modern fleet required a new type of sailor, technologically trained and steeped in a higher set of values. The book also discusses how the navy, with its newly awakened religious sensibilities, played a major role in the expansion of Protestant missions globally, in exploration,convict transportation, the expansion of imperial frontiers, and worldwide maritime policing operations. Fervent piety had an effect in all these areas - religion had helped develop a new kind of manliness where piety as well asdaring had a place. RICHARD BLAKE is the author of Evangelicals in the Royal Navy, 1775-1815 (Boydell 2008).

Evangelicalism --- History --- History. --- Great Britain. --- Religion. --- Evangelical religion --- Protestantism, Evangelical --- Evangelical Revival --- Fundamentalism --- Pietism --- Protestantism --- צי הבריטי --- England and Wales. --- British navy. --- Protestant missions. --- Richard Blake. --- character. --- evangelical religion. --- maritime policing. --- moral reform. --- piety. --- religious sensibilities. --- sailors. --- values.

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The press gang is generally regarded as the means by which the British navy solved the problem of recruiting enough seamen in the late eighteenth century. This book, however, based on extensive original research conducted primarily in a large number of ships' muster books, demonstrates that this view is false. It argues that, in fact, the overwhelming majority of seamen in the navy were there of their own free will. Taking a long view across the late eighteenth century but concentrating on the period of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars of 1793-1815, the book provides great detail on the sort of men that were recruited and the means by which they were recruited, and includes a number of individuals' stories. It shows how manpower was a major concern for the Admiralty; how the Admiralty put in place a range of recruitment methods including the quota system; how it worried about depleting merchant shipping of sufficient sailors; and how, although most seamen were volunteers, the press gang was resorted to, especially during the initial mobilisation at the beginning of wars and to find certain kinds of particularly skilled seamen. The book also makes comparisons with recruitment methods employed by the navies of other countries and by the British army. J. Ross Dancy is Assistant Professor of History at Sam Houston State University.

Sailors --- Mariners --- Naval personnel --- Seamen --- Armed Forces --- Boaters (Persons) --- History. --- Impressment --- History --- Great Britain. --- Officials and employees --- Recruiting. --- Press-gangs --- Naval history --- Ships --- Manning --- צי הבריטי --- England and Wales. --- British Navy. --- French Revolutionary Wars. --- Impressment. --- J. Ross Dancy. --- Napoleonic Wars. --- Naval Manpower. --- Press Gang. --- Recruitment Methods. --- Sam Houston State University. --- Volunteers.

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"Sir John Duckworth commanded ships and squadrons and fleets throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. He was an assiduous correspondent, writing to Admirals St Vincent, Nelson, Collingwood, and numerous other naval officers. He kept every piece of paper he wrote on or received. He was in the first expedition to the West Indies when he went on a mission to the United States to suppress a French privateer. He commanded a ship in First of June fight in 1794, and was peripherally involved in the great naval mutinies of 1797. He was picked out by Lord St Vincent to command the recovery of Minorca in 1798. He returned to the West Indies in 1799 where he was commander-in-chief in the Leeward Islands, and then at Jamaica. There he was much involved in the Revolutionary war in Haiti, eventually receiving several thousands of French refugees and sending them on to France. A spell with the Channel fleet was succeeded by time at the blockade of Gibraltar. Against orders, he chased a French squadron across the Atlantic and destroyed it (Battle of San Domingo 1796). One of his more curious adventures was a diplomatic mission to the Constantinople to browbeat the Ottoman Sultan into making peace with Russia in 1807. He failed, of course, and was criticised for not bombarding the city. He served out his time afloat with the Channel fleet, displaying his usual humanity. A three-year appointment as governor of Newfoundland completed his career"--

Admirals --- Governors --- Admiral Earl St Vincent. --- Admiral Sir John Duckworth. --- Admiral Sir William Parker. --- Admiralty. --- British Navy. --- Earl Spencer. --- French Revolutionary War. --- Gibraltar. --- Jamaica. --- Leeward Islands. --- Lord Nelson. --- Minorca. --- the Later Georgian Navy. --- Duckworth, John Thomas, --- Great Britain --- France --- History, Military --- History

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Officer recruits - 'young gentlemen' - entered the Royal Navy with dreams of fame, fortune and glory, but many found promotion difficult, with a large number unable to progress beyond lieutenant. Recent scholarship has argued that during the wars of 1793-1815 there was greater social diversity among naval officers, with promotion increasingly related to professional competence. This book, based on extensive original research, examines the social background of around 4,000 "young gentlemen" a term which includes midshipmen and various other categories, including captains' servants, volunteers and masters' mates. It concludes that in fact high birth became an increasingly important factor in the selection of officer candidates, and that as the Admiralty grip on the appointment and management of officer aspirants increased, especially after 1815, aristocratic presence in the ranks of young officers increased significantly as a result of deliberate Admiralty policy. The book also discusses the assertion that the increase in elite sons led to a dramatic increase in cases of indiscipline and insubordination, concluding that although there was a marked increase in courts martial for insubordination during and after the French Wars there is no evidence that such cases related more to the elites than to young aspirants in general. The book includes many case study examples of midshipmen and other 'young gentlemen', illustrating what life was like for them and how they themselves viewed their situation. S.A. CAVELL is a graduate of the Queensland University of Technology and Louisiana State University and completed her doctorate at the University of Exeter.

Navies --- Military power --- Navy --- Armed Forces --- Naval art and science --- Sea-power --- Warships --- History. --- Great Britain. --- צי הבריטי --- England and Wales. --- Great Britain --- Officials and employees. --- Midshipmen --- Aristocracy (Social class) --- History --- Officers --- Selection and appointment --- Promotions --- Social aspects. --- Aristocracy --- Aristocrats --- Upper class --- Nobility --- Sailors --- British Navy. --- British maritime history. --- British naval history. --- aristocratic presence. --- career paths. --- indiscipline. --- insubordination. --- midshipmen. --- naval officers. --- navy officers. --- officer recruits. --- professional competence. --- social background. --- young gentlemen.