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This volume looks at how mid-seventeenth-century debates on the government and order of the Church related to the political crisis of the time. It explores debates concerning the relationship between church, state and people, the nature of the various post-Reformation settlements in the British Atlantic and how they impacted on each other, as well as central and local responses to ecclesiastical upheaval. This is one of the first scholarly collections to focus on the topic of church polity and its relation to politics during a critical period of transatlantic history. It will be of interest to scholars and students of the British revolutions as well as those working on the history of the Church and early dissenting tradition.

Church and state --- Christianity and politics --- History --- History --- Church of England --- Government. --- Great Britain --- History --- British Atlantic. --- British civil wars. --- Church polity. --- Congregationalism. --- Ecclesiology. --- Episcopacy. --- Interregnum. --- Presbyterian. --- Puritanism. --- Religion.

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Uncovers the often overlooked participation of African Americans and Native Americans in early Protestant churches Phillis Wheatley was stolen from her family in Senegambia, and, in 1761, slave traders transported her to Boston, Massachusetts, to be sold. She was purchased by the Wheatley family who treated Phillis far better than most eighteenth-century slaves could hope, and she received a thorough education while still, of course, longing for her freedom. After four years, Wheatley began writing religious poetry. She was baptized and became a member of a predominantly white Congregational church in Boston. More than ten years after her enslavement began, some of her poetry was published in London, England, as a book titled Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. This book is evidence that her experience of enslavement was exceptional. Wheatley remains the most famous black Christian of the colonial era. Though her experiences and accomplishments were unique, her religious affiliation with a predominantly white church was quite ordinary. Dividing the Faith argues that, contrary to the traditional scholarly consensus, a significant portion of northern Protestants worshipped in interracial contexts during the eighteenth century. Yet in another fifty years, such an affiliation would become increasingly rare as churches were by-and-large segregated. Richard Boles draws from the records of over four hundred congregations to scrutinize the factors that made different Christian traditions either accessible or inaccessible to African American and American Indian peoples. By including Indians, Afro-Indians, and black people in the study of race and religion in the North, this research breaks new ground and uses patterns of church participation to illuminate broader social histories. Overall, it explains the dynamic history of racial integration and segregation in northern colonies and states.

Segregation --- African Americans --- Race relations --- Religious aspects --- Christianity. --- African Americans. --- American Revolution. --- Anglican. --- Baptist. --- British Atlantic world. --- Christian education. --- Congregational. --- David Walker. --- Dutch Reformed. --- Early Republic. --- Great Awakening. --- Indian churches. --- Lutheran. --- Methodist. --- Mid-Atlantic. --- Moravian. --- Native Americans. --- New England. --- Phillis Wheatley. --- Presbyterian. --- Samson Occom. --- Samuel Niles. --- Sarah Osborn. --- William Apess. --- abolitionism. --- antebellum. --- anti-black violence. --- antislavery. --- black churches. --- colonial society. --- compassion. --- enslaved people. --- evangelism. --- integrationist. --- interracial. --- northern Protestants. --- northern churches. --- race relations. --- racial categories. --- racism. --- revivalism. --- segregation. --- slavery. --- southern churches.

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This epic history compares the empires built by Spain and Britain in the Americas, from Columbus's arrival in the New World to the end of Spanish colonial rule in the early nineteenth century. J. H. Elliott, one of the most distinguished and versatile historians working today, offers us history on a grand scale, contrasting the worlds built by Britain and by Spain on the ruins of the civilizations they encountered and destroyed in North and South America. Elliott identifies and explains both the similarities and differences in the two empires' processes of colonization, the character of their colonial societies, their distinctive styles of imperial government, and the independence movements mounted against them. Based on wide reading in the history of the two great Atlantic civilizations, the book sets the Spanish and British colonial empires in the context of their own times and offers us insights into aspects of this dual history that still influence the Americas.

Spaniards --- British --- Spanish people --- British people --- Britishers --- Britons (British) --- Brits --- History. --- America --- Great Britain --- Spain --- United States --- Americas --- New World --- Espanja --- Spanien --- Hiszpania --- Spanish State --- España --- Estado Español --- Espagne --- Hispania --- Sefarad --- Sepharad --- Shpanye --- Shpanie --- Reino de España --- Kingdom of Spain --- Reino d'Espanya --- Reinu d'España --- Espainiako Erresuma --- Regne d'Espanya --- Reiaume d'Espanha --- Espanya --- Espanha --- スペイン --- Supein --- イスパニア --- Isupania --- History --- Colonies --- Colonization. --- Ethnology --- Western Hemisphere --- To 1810 --- Colonization --- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775 --- British (Nation) --- Atlantic Ocean Region --- History of the United Kingdom and Ireland --- History of Spain --- History of North America --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Colonisation --- Amérique --- Grande-Bretagne --- États-Unis --- Découverte et exploration britanniques --- Découverte et exploration espagnoles --- Histoire. --- British -- Atlantic Ocean Region -- History.. --- Spaniards -- Atlantic Ocean Region -- History.. --- America -- History -- To 1810.. --- Great Britain -- Colonies -- America -- History.. --- Spain -- Colonies -- America -- History.. --- America -- Colonization.. --- United States -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775. --- Colonies britanniques --- Colonies espagnoles