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viruses --- Molecular biology --- Animal physiology --- Bombyx mori --- Baculovirus recombinant --- Baculovirus recombinant

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This Book of Toxins comprises 11 original contributions and one review. New findings regarding presence of mycotoxins in aromatic and medicinal plants, mango and orange juice, juices, pulps, jams, and beer, from Morocco, Pakistan, and Portugal are reported. In these studies, innovative techniques to study their presence has been developed, including liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyse mycotoxins and conjugated mycotoxins. Novel strategies to detect mycotoxin presence and comparisons the characteristics of a rapid quantitative analysis of different mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone) are also presented using acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases and photobacterial strains of luminescent cells. Additionally, toxicological effects of zearalenone metabolites and beauvericin on SH-SY5Y neuronal cells are presented. One important point in the control of mycotoxins is related to decontaminated strategies, and in this sense the efficacy of potentially probiotic fruit-derived Lactobacillus isolates in removing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is presented. Other mycotoxin decontaminated techniques included in this book are electron beam irradiation (EBI) and degradation of zearalenone and ochratoxin A using ozone. Finally, a review that summarizes the newly discovered macrocyclic trichothecenes and their bioactivities over the last decade is included.The evaluation of the presence of mycotoxins in different matrices is achieved through different analytical tools (including quantitative or qualitative determinations). Studies of mycotoxin isolation, using chromatographyc equipment coupled to spectrometry detectors (QTrap-MS/MS, MS/MS tandem, QTOF-MS/MS), are the most useful tools to control their presence. All these studies represent key steps in the establishment of the limits of detection, limits of quantification, points of identification, accuracy, reproducibility, and repeatability of different procedures. The maximum permitted or recommended levels for mycotoxins in different matrices are within a wide range (including the levels tolerated by infants and animals). In addition, decontaminated strategies, as well as control and evaluation of exposure, are demanded by authorities and food safety systems.

Medicine --- patulin --- mango --- orange --- fruit-derived products --- food safety --- regulatory limits --- chitosan --- mycotoxins --- detoxification --- LC-MS/MS --- optimization --- Destruxins --- Bombyx mori --- BmArgRS --- BmLamin-C --- RNA helicase --- binding protein --- ozone --- electron beam irradiation --- degradation --- zearalenone --- ochratoxin A --- SH-SY5Y cells --- zearalenone derivates --- beauvericin --- MTT --- qTOF–MS/MS --- beer --- immunoaffinity clean-up --- LC-FD --- human risk assessment --- Enniatin B1 --- biomonitoring --- in vivo --- metabolomics --- high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) --- macrocyclic trichothecenes --- bioactivities --- putative biosynthetic pathway --- macrocycle formation --- entomopathogens --- mycoinsecticides --- secondary metabolites --- insect pathogenesis --- acetamiprid accumulation --- aflatoxin M1 --- Lactobacillus --- probiotics --- binding --- bioluminescent bacteria --- immobilized cells --- cholinesterase-based analysis --- analytical characteristics --- enzymatic detoxification --- co-occurrence --- Q-TOF-LC/MS --- exposure --- Morocco --- n/a --- qTOF-MS/MS

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This Book of Toxins comprises 11 original contributions and one review. New findings regarding presence of mycotoxins in aromatic and medicinal plants, mango and orange juice, juices, pulps, jams, and beer, from Morocco, Pakistan, and Portugal are reported. In these studies, innovative techniques to study their presence has been developed, including liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyse mycotoxins and conjugated mycotoxins. Novel strategies to detect mycotoxin presence and comparisons the characteristics of a rapid quantitative analysis of different mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone) are also presented using acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases and photobacterial strains of luminescent cells. Additionally, toxicological effects of zearalenone metabolites and beauvericin on SH-SY5Y neuronal cells are presented. One important point in the control of mycotoxins is related to decontaminated strategies, and in this sense the efficacy of potentially probiotic fruit-derived Lactobacillus isolates in removing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is presented. Other mycotoxin decontaminated techniques included in this book are electron beam irradiation (EBI) and degradation of zearalenone and ochratoxin A using ozone. Finally, a review that summarizes the newly discovered macrocyclic trichothecenes and their bioactivities over the last decade is included.The evaluation of the presence of mycotoxins in different matrices is achieved through different analytical tools (including quantitative or qualitative determinations). Studies of mycotoxin isolation, using chromatographyc equipment coupled to spectrometry detectors (QTrap-MS/MS, MS/MS tandem, QTOF-MS/MS), are the most useful tools to control their presence. All these studies represent key steps in the establishment of the limits of detection, limits of quantification, points of identification, accuracy, reproducibility, and repeatability of different procedures. The maximum permitted or recommended levels for mycotoxins in different matrices are within a wide range (including the levels tolerated by infants and animals). In addition, decontaminated strategies, as well as control and evaluation of exposure, are demanded by authorities and food safety systems.

patulin --- mango --- orange --- fruit-derived products --- food safety --- regulatory limits --- chitosan --- mycotoxins --- detoxification --- LC-MS/MS --- optimization --- Destruxins --- Bombyx mori --- BmArgRS --- BmLamin-C --- RNA helicase --- binding protein --- ozone --- electron beam irradiation --- degradation --- zearalenone --- ochratoxin A --- SH-SY5Y cells --- zearalenone derivates --- beauvericin --- MTT --- qTOF–MS/MS --- beer --- immunoaffinity clean-up --- LC-FD --- human risk assessment --- Enniatin B1 --- biomonitoring --- in vivo --- metabolomics --- high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) --- macrocyclic trichothecenes --- bioactivities --- putative biosynthetic pathway --- macrocycle formation --- entomopathogens --- mycoinsecticides --- secondary metabolites --- insect pathogenesis --- acetamiprid accumulation --- aflatoxin M1 --- Lactobacillus --- probiotics --- binding --- bioluminescent bacteria --- immobilized cells --- cholinesterase-based analysis --- analytical characteristics --- enzymatic detoxification --- co-occurrence --- Q-TOF-LC/MS --- exposure --- Morocco --- n/a --- qTOF-MS/MS

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This Book of Toxins comprises 11 original contributions and one review. New findings regarding presence of mycotoxins in aromatic and medicinal plants, mango and orange juice, juices, pulps, jams, and beer, from Morocco, Pakistan, and Portugal are reported. In these studies, innovative techniques to study their presence has been developed, including liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyse mycotoxins and conjugated mycotoxins. Novel strategies to detect mycotoxin presence and comparisons the characteristics of a rapid quantitative analysis of different mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone) are also presented using acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases and photobacterial strains of luminescent cells. Additionally, toxicological effects of zearalenone metabolites and beauvericin on SH-SY5Y neuronal cells are presented. One important point in the control of mycotoxins is related to decontaminated strategies, and in this sense the efficacy of potentially probiotic fruit-derived Lactobacillus isolates in removing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is presented. Other mycotoxin decontaminated techniques included in this book are electron beam irradiation (EBI) and degradation of zearalenone and ochratoxin A using ozone. Finally, a review that summarizes the newly discovered macrocyclic trichothecenes and their bioactivities over the last decade is included.The evaluation of the presence of mycotoxins in different matrices is achieved through different analytical tools (including quantitative or qualitative determinations). Studies of mycotoxin isolation, using chromatographyc equipment coupled to spectrometry detectors (QTrap-MS/MS, MS/MS tandem, QTOF-MS/MS), are the most useful tools to control their presence. All these studies represent key steps in the establishment of the limits of detection, limits of quantification, points of identification, accuracy, reproducibility, and repeatability of different procedures. The maximum permitted or recommended levels for mycotoxins in different matrices are within a wide range (including the levels tolerated by infants and animals). In addition, decontaminated strategies, as well as control and evaluation of exposure, are demanded by authorities and food safety systems.

Medicine --- patulin --- mango --- orange --- fruit-derived products --- food safety --- regulatory limits --- chitosan --- mycotoxins --- detoxification --- LC-MS/MS --- optimization --- Destruxins --- Bombyx mori --- BmArgRS --- BmLamin-C --- RNA helicase --- binding protein --- ozone --- electron beam irradiation --- degradation --- zearalenone --- ochratoxin A --- SH-SY5Y cells --- zearalenone derivates --- beauvericin --- MTT --- qTOF-MS/MS --- beer --- immunoaffinity clean-up --- LC-FD --- human risk assessment --- Enniatin B1 --- biomonitoring --- in vivo --- metabolomics --- high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) --- macrocyclic trichothecenes --- bioactivities --- putative biosynthetic pathway --- macrocycle formation --- entomopathogens --- mycoinsecticides --- secondary metabolites --- insect pathogenesis --- acetamiprid accumulation --- aflatoxin M1 --- Lactobacillus --- probiotics --- binding --- bioluminescent bacteria --- immobilized cells --- cholinesterase-based analysis --- analytical characteristics --- enzymatic detoxification --- co-occurrence --- Q-TOF-LC/MS --- exposure --- Morocco --- patulin --- mango --- orange --- fruit-derived products --- food safety --- regulatory limits --- chitosan --- mycotoxins --- detoxification --- LC-MS/MS --- optimization --- Destruxins --- Bombyx mori --- BmArgRS --- BmLamin-C --- RNA helicase --- binding protein --- ozone --- electron beam irradiation --- degradation --- zearalenone --- ochratoxin A --- SH-SY5Y cells --- zearalenone derivates --- beauvericin --- MTT --- qTOF-MS/MS --- beer --- immunoaffinity clean-up --- LC-FD --- human risk assessment --- Enniatin B1 --- biomonitoring --- in vivo --- metabolomics --- high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) --- macrocyclic trichothecenes --- bioactivities --- putative biosynthetic pathway --- macrocycle formation --- entomopathogens --- mycoinsecticides --- secondary metabolites --- insect pathogenesis --- acetamiprid accumulation --- aflatoxin M1 --- Lactobacillus --- probiotics --- binding --- bioluminescent bacteria --- immobilized cells --- cholinesterase-based analysis --- analytical characteristics --- enzymatic detoxification --- co-occurrence --- Q-TOF-LC/MS --- exposure --- Morocco

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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-based products are the most successful microbial insecticides to date. This entomopathogenic bacterium produces different kinds of proteins whose specific toxicity has been shown against a wide range of insect orders, nematodes, mites, protozoa, and human cancer cells. Some of these proteins are accumulated in parasporal crystals during the sporulation phase (Cry and Cyt proteins), whereas other proteins are secreted in the vegetative phase of growth (Vip and Sip toxins). Currently, insecticidal proteins belonging to different groups (Cry and Vip3 proteins) are widely used to control insect pests and vectors both in formulated sprays and in transgenic crops (the so-called Bt crops). Despite the extensive use of these proteins in insect pest control, especially Cry and Vip3, their mode of action is not completely understood. The aim of this Special Issue was to gather information that could summarize (in the form of review papers) or expand (research papers) the knowledge of the structure and function of Bt proteins, as well as shed light on their mode of action, especially regarding the insect receptors. This subject has generated great interest, and this interest has been materialized into the 18 papers of important scientific value in the field (5 reviews and 13 research papers) that have been compiled in this issue.

Research & information: general --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- Plutella xylostella --- Cry1Ac resistance --- trypsin-like midgut protease --- protoxin activation --- Spodoptera spp., Helicoverpa armigera --- Mamestra brassicae --- Anticarsia gemmatalis --- Ostrinia furnacalis --- Cry2Ab toxin --- Bombyx mori --- ATP-binding cassette subfamily a member 2 (ABCA2) --- genome editing --- transcription activator-like effector-nucleases (TALENs) --- HEK293T cell --- functional receptor --- Vip3Aa --- lysosome --- mitochondria --- apoptosis --- Sf9 cells --- Cry1Ab --- oligomer formation --- Sf21 cell line --- Ostrinia nubilalis --- Lobesia botrana --- Leptinotarsa decemlineata --- bioassay --- Cyt2Aa2 toxin --- protein-lipid binding --- erythrocyte membrane --- AFM --- QCM-D --- Asian corn borer --- ABCC2 --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- Cry1Fa --- resistance --- chitin-binding protein --- adhesion --- peritrophic matrix --- Vip3A --- Spodoptera litura --- site-directed mutagenesis --- Cry --- Cyt --- parasporins --- S-layer proteins --- Vip --- Sip --- membrane receptors --- insecticidal activity --- anticancer activity --- Aedes aegypti --- minor proteins --- synergy --- mosquito control --- Bti --- Spodoptera frugiperda --- cadherin --- mode of action of Cry toxin --- insecticidal proteins --- insect resistance --- tobacco budworm --- Bacillus thuringiensis proteins --- coleopteran pests --- structure --- mode of action --- 3D-structure --- biological control --- antimicrobial peptide --- gut microbiota --- vegetative insecticidal proteins --- pyramids --- 3D-Cry toxins --- in vitro evolution --- rational design --- toxin enhancement --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- Plutella xylostella --- Cry1Ac resistance --- trypsin-like midgut protease --- protoxin activation --- Spodoptera spp., Helicoverpa armigera --- Mamestra brassicae --- Anticarsia gemmatalis --- Ostrinia furnacalis --- Cry2Ab toxin --- Bombyx mori --- ATP-binding cassette subfamily a member 2 (ABCA2) --- genome editing --- transcription activator-like effector-nucleases (TALENs) --- HEK293T cell --- functional receptor --- Vip3Aa --- lysosome --- mitochondria --- apoptosis --- Sf9 cells --- Cry1Ab --- oligomer formation --- Sf21 cell line --- Ostrinia nubilalis --- Lobesia botrana --- Leptinotarsa decemlineata --- bioassay --- Cyt2Aa2 toxin --- protein-lipid binding --- erythrocyte membrane --- AFM --- QCM-D --- Asian corn borer --- ABCC2 --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- Cry1Fa --- resistance --- chitin-binding protein --- adhesion --- peritrophic matrix --- Vip3A --- Spodoptera litura --- site-directed mutagenesis --- Cry --- Cyt --- parasporins --- S-layer proteins --- Vip --- Sip --- membrane receptors --- insecticidal activity --- anticancer activity --- Aedes aegypti --- minor proteins --- synergy --- mosquito control --- Bti --- Spodoptera frugiperda --- cadherin --- mode of action of Cry toxin --- insecticidal proteins --- insect resistance --- tobacco budworm --- Bacillus thuringiensis proteins --- coleopteran pests --- structure --- mode of action --- 3D-structure --- biological control --- antimicrobial peptide --- gut microbiota --- vegetative insecticidal proteins --- pyramids --- 3D-Cry toxins --- in vitro evolution --- rational design --- toxin enhancement