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Population --- Statistical methods --- Méthodes statistiques --- Statistics as Topic --- Birth Rates --- Mortality --- epidemiology --- Méthodes statistiques --- Statistics as Topic - Belgium --- Birth Rates - epidemiology - Belgium --- Mortality - epidemiology - Belgium --- STATISTICS --- MORTALITY --- BELGIUM --- IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

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The view that international migration has no impact on the size of world population is a sensible one. But the author argues, migration from developing to more industrial countries during the past decades may have resulted in a smaller world population than the one which would have been attained had no international migration taken place for two reasons: most of recent migration has been from high to low birth-rate countries, and migrants typically adopt and send back to their home countries models and ideas that prevail in host countries. Thus, migrants are potential agents of the diffusion of demographic modernity, that is, the reduction of birth rates among nonmigrant communities left behind in origin countries. This hypothesis is tested with data from Morocco and Turkey where most emigrants are bound for the West, and Egypt where they are bound for the Gulf. The demographic differentials encountered through migration in these three countries offer contrasted situations-host countries are either more (the West) or less (the Gulf) advanced in their demographic transition than the home country. Assuming migration changes the course of demographic transition in origin countries, the author posits that it should work in two opposite directions-speeding it up in Morocco and Turkey and slowing it down in Egypt. Empirical evidence confirms this hypothesis. Time series of birth rates and migrant remittances (reflecting the intensity of the relationship kept by emigrants with their home country) are strongly correlated with each other. Correlation is negative for Morocco and Turkey, and positive for Egypt. This suggests that Moroccan and Turkish emigration to Europe has been accompanied by a fundamental change of attitudes regarding marriage and birth, while Egyptian migration to the Gulf has not brought home innovative attitudes in this domain, but rather material resources for the achievement of traditional family goals. Other data suggest that emigration has fostered education in Morocco and Turkey but not in Egypt. And as has been found in the literature, education is the single most important determinant of demographic transition among nonmigrant populations in migrants' regions of origin. Two broader conclusions are drawn. First, the acceleration of the demographic transition in Morocco and Turkey is correlated with migration to Europe, a region where low birth-rates is the dominant pattern. This suggests that international migration may have produced a global demographic benefit under the form of a relaxation of demographic pressures for the world as a whole. Second, if it turns out that emigrants are conveyors of new ideas in matters related with family and education, then the same may apply to a wider range of civil behavior.

Birth Rates --- Country of Origin --- Demographic Change --- Demographic Pressures --- Demographic Transition --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Home Countries --- Host Countries --- International Migrants --- International Migration --- Marriage --- Migrant --- Migrants --- Overpopulation --- Policy --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population Movements --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Remittances --- World Population

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This paper aims to identify the major drop-out and push-out factors that lead to school abandonment in an urban surrounding-the shantytowns of Fortaleza, Northeast Brazil. The authors use an extensive survey addressing risk factors faced by the population in these neighborhoods, which cover both in-school and out-of-school youth of both genders. They focus on the role of early parenthood, child labor, and poverty in pushing teenagers out of school. The potential endogeneity of some of the determinants is dealt with in the empirical analysis. The authors take advantage of the rich set of variables available and apply an instrumental variables approach. Early parenthood is instrumented with the age declared by the youngsters as the ideal age to start having sexual relationships. Work is instrumented using the declared reservation wage (minimum salary acceptable to work). Results indicate that early parenthood has a strong impact of driving teenagers out of school. Extreme poverty is another factor lowering school attendance, as children who have suffered hunger at some point in their lives are less likely to attend school. In this particular urban context, working does not necessarily have a detrimental effect on school attendance, which could be linked to the fact that dropping out of school leads most often to inactivity and not to work.

Adolescent Health --- Birth Rates --- Children and Youth --- Completion Rates --- Disability --- Education --- Education for All --- Elementary Education --- Enrollment Rates --- First Grade --- Grade Repetition --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- High School --- High School Diploma --- Low Educational Attainment --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Primary Education System --- School --- School Attendance --- School Day --- School Drop --- School Leavers --- School Year --- Schooling --- Social Protections and Labor --- Street Children --- Tertiary Education --- Universal Enrollment --- Urban Development --- Youth and Government

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The book description for the previously published "Family Planning in Japanese Society: Traditional Birth Control in a Modern Urban Culture" is not yet available.

Marriage --- Contraception --- Birth control --- Bott, Elizabeth. --- Buddhism. --- Eugenic Protection Consultation Centers. --- Eugenic Protection Law. --- Harasawa Isamu. --- IUD. --- Japan Family Planning Association. --- Japan World Fertility Survey. --- Kon Yasuo. --- Koyama Takashi. --- Kunii Chōjirō. --- Liberal Democratic Party. --- Mainichi surveys. --- Maruyama Kazuo. --- Muramatsu Hiroo. --- Narabayashi Yasushi. --- Norbeck, Edward. --- Ogino Hiroshi. --- Ogino Kyūsaku. --- Ogino method. --- Population Problems Research Council. --- Prime Minister’s survey. --- Satō Eisaku. --- Shinozaki Nobuo. --- Tangezaka Urako. --- Tokugawa Era. --- Wagatsuma Takashi. --- abortionist. --- arranged marriage. --- birth rates. --- childbearing intentions. --- combined use of contraceptive methods. --- consumer movement. --- contraceptive safety. --- couple interviews. --- designated physicians. --- diaphragm. --- door-to-door condom sales. --- emphasis on maternal theme. --- female barrier methods. --- feminists. --- fertility. --- gynecologist. --- husbands. --- leisure activities. --- menstrual tampons. --- mizukojizō. --- oral contraceptives. --- questionnaire survey. --- religion. --- rhythm method. --- sazukarimono. --- vasectomy.

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Many countries have social security systems that are currently financially unsustainable. Economists and policy makers have long studied this problem and identified two key causes. First, as declining birth rates raise the share of older persons in the population, the ratio of retirees to benefits-paying employees increases. Second, as falling mortality rates increase lifespans, retirees receive benefits for longer than in the past. Further exacerbating the situation, the provisions of social security programs often provide strong incentives to leave the labor force. Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World offers comparative analysis from twelve countries and examines the issue of age in the labor force. A notable group of contributors analyzes the relationship between incentives to retire and the proportion of older persons in the workforce, the effects that reforming social security would have on the employment rates of older workers, and how extending labor force participation will affect program costs. Dispelling the myth that employing older workers takes jobs away from the young, this timely volume challenges a raft of existing assumptions about the relationship between old and young people in the workforce.

Social Security --- Old age pensions --- Older people --- Youth --- Labor supply --- Retirement --- Early retirement incentives --- Employment --- Government policy --- AA / International- internationaal --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- 368.40 --- 368.43 --- 332.832 --- 332.71 --- Social security --- -Youth --- -Labor supply --- -Early retirement incentives --- Incentives, Early retirement --- Retirement incentives, Early --- Incentives in industry --- Postemployment benefits --- Superannuation --- Termination of employment --- Leisure --- Old age --- Labor force --- Labor force participation --- Labor pool --- Work force --- Workforce --- Labor market --- Human capital --- Labor mobility --- Manpower --- Manpower policy --- Young people --- Young persons --- Youngsters --- Youths --- Age groups --- Life cycle, Human --- Aged --- Aging people --- Elderly people --- Old people --- Older adults --- Older persons --- Senior citizens --- Seniors (Older people) --- Persons --- Gerontocracy --- Gerontology --- Employees --- OASI (Old age and survivors insurance) --- Old age and survivors insurance --- Retirement pensions --- Survivors' benefits (Old age pensions) --- Pensions --- Insurance, Social --- Insurance, State and compulsory --- Social insurance --- Insurance --- Income maintenance programs --- Sociale voorzorg en verzekeringen. Sociale zekerheid: algemeenheden. --- Ouderdomsverzekering. Voorbarige dood. Weduwen en wezen. --- Pensioen. Brugpensioen. --- Vrouwen- en jongerenarbeid. --- Social security. --- Old age pensions. --- Labor supply. --- Early retirement incentives. --- Employment. --- Government policy. --- Unemployed youth --- Older unemployed --- Vrouwen- en jongerenarbeid --- Pensioen. Brugpensioen --- Sociale voorzorg en verzekeringen. Sociale zekerheid: algemeenheden --- Ouderdomsverzekering. Voorbarige dood. Weduwen en wezen --- E-books --- Older people - Employment --- Youth - Employment --- Retirement - Government policy --- social security, government, governing, employment, employee, work, workers, labor, retirement, international, worldwide, world, economics, political economy, aging, age, policymakers, policy, declining birth rates, population, benefits, retirees, lifespans, program, participation, extension, pensions, older people, incentives, belgium, canada, denmark, france, germany, german, french, canadian, belgians, danes.