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Recent household surveys from 52 developing economies that include questions about energy use show that the most commonly cited primary energy for cooking is wood, followed by gas, natural gas and, where natural gas is not available, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and then by electricity. Biogas use is rare, and the use of ethanol and solar cookers is essentially non-existent. Households in the economies with a very high share of the population relying on clean energy as the primary source for cooking overwhelmingly prefer gas over electricity. In two-thirds of the economies more than half of the rich cook with clean energy, again preferring gas over electricity. As income rises and natural gas infrastructure becomes better established, urban households shift from LPG to natural gas, leaving LPG primarily for rural households. By contrast, in low-income and some lower-middle-income economies even the rich cook primarily with charcoal or kerosene (usually preferring charcoal over kerosene), while LPG is used by some well-off urban households. In one out of every six economies less than one-tenth of the population in the top 20 percent cites clean energy as their primary energy source for cooking. The choice of gas is driven in many instances by historical fuel price subsidy policies, which in some cases have continued to this day. Where natural gas is not available and LPG has not been subsidized but electricity has historically been reliable and cheap, such as in Southern Africa, the rich cook with electricity. Aside from price and supply reliability, community-wide familiarity with a particular technology and fuel, and economies of scale arising from popular use, may be partially driving the pattern of each economy's showing dominant preference for gas or electricity.

Biomass Fuel --- Energy --- Energy Consumption --- Fuels --- Renewable Energy

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The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) in the World Bank, in consultation with multiple development partners, has developed the Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) to measure and monitor energy access in terms of attributes and tiers. The MTF defines energy access as one that is adequate, available when needed, reliable, of good quality, affordable, legal, convenient, healthy, and safe for all required energy applications across households, productive enterprises, and community institutions. As part of the stock-taking exercise on measuring access using MTF, ESMAP has launched detailed data collection activities in seventeen countries, including Bangladesh. Findings of this report are based on nationally representative data on access to electricity and cooking solutions.

Biomass Fuel --- Energy --- Energy and Poverty Alleviation --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Fuels --- Gender --- Renewable Energy

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The Multi-tier Framework (MTF) was developed to address the specifics of energy-access needs outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations and the Sustainable Energy for All (SEforAll) initiative launched by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) in the World Bank, in consultation with multiple development partners, has developed the Global Tracking Framework (GTF) to measure and monitor energy access using the MTF in terms of attributes and tiers. As part of the stock-taking exercise on measuring access via the MTF, ESMAP has launched detailed data collection activities in seventeen countries. One of those is Nepal, a country in South Asia committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal on Energy Access (SDG 7.1). With the government of Nepal, the World Bank carried out a nationally representative household survey in 2017 to determine a baseline for Nepal's access to energy. The findings of this report are based on the data from that survey.

Biomass Fuel --- Electric Power --- Energy --- Energy Demand --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Fuels --- Gender --- Gender and Energy --- Renewable Energy

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This paper presents the three-year impacts of an improved biomass cookstove on child and adult health in rural Ethiopia. After near complete stove adoption during an initial one-year randomized controlled trial, 60 percent of treatment households continued to use the improved stoves three-years on and experienced reductions in hazardous airborne particulate matter. The study finds that treatment status is associated with a precisely estimated 0.3-0.4 standard deviation improvement in height-for-age of young children exposed during their first years of life, compared with a control group of households that never used the improved stove. This is a substantial effect with implications for greater health and well-being throughout the life course. However, the study finds no changes in the respiratory symptoms or physical functioning of older children and adult cooks in treated households relative to control households. The results advance understanding of the health impacts of hazardous air pollution while also refining the design and implementation options for interventions geared toward improving well-being in similar environments.

Adult Health --- Air Quality and Clean Air --- Biomass Fuel --- Child Growth --- Children's Health --- Cooking Technology --- Cookstoves --- Energy --- Energy Conservation and Efficiency --- Environment --- Fuels --- Health and Poverty --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Air Pollution --- Pollution Management and Control

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The structure of the Ukrainian biomass-to-energy market is taking shape. The supply side of the market is represented by the forestry and wood processing companies and crop and animal farms that are sources of biomass. Pellet producers process available waste into pellets. Boilers for burning biomass are available in the market from either local producers or importers. Biomass-to-energy facilities produce electricity and/or heat for a variety of users (industrial, commercial, and residential). In some cases, users generate electricity and/or heat for their own use. In others, (private or municipal) electricity/heat producers sell to end-users directly or through the power grid. Biomass-to-energy facilities may use biomass only or in combination (co-fired) with other fuels (oil, gas, or coal). Demand for biomass-to-energy initiatives has been growing in Ukraine, being driven by the motivation of cost savings and increased efficiency. In the short term, the share of heat suppliers using biomass boilers could grow up to 63 of all the surveyed players. Despite the expanding share of municipal heat suppliers using biomass boilers in the total number of companies, the share of biomass in the overall volume of fuel consumed by the surveyed entities remains low (14 percent). The most common fuel is natural gas, with a share of 80 percent in the total volume of fuel used by municipal heat suppliers. Additionally, the shortage of biomass of required quality is considered the main risk when it comes to implementing biomass-to-energy projects. The shortage of biomass and the growing demand for it pushes prices up, which increases the cost of a project and the uncertainty regarding the investment payback period.

Air Quality --- Alternative Energy --- Biomass Fuel --- Coal --- Electricity --- Emissions --- Employment --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Production --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Ethanol --- Fossil Fuels --- Fuels --- Greenhouse Gases --- Natural Gas --- Pollutants --- Power Generation --- Power Sector --- Renewable Energy --- Vehicles --- Wood Biomass