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The porphyrins are a class of naturally-occurring macrocycles and are ubiquitous in our world. As such, they have been called the Pigments of Life. This auspicious designation reflects their importance in numerous biological functions. Indeed, life as we understand it relies on the full range of biological processes that are either performed by or catalyzed by porphyrin-containing proteins. Chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic reaction centers in plants, for instance, convert light energy into chemical energy while producing oxygen along the way. It is this oxygen, evolved from photosynthesis

Porphyrins. --- Porphyrins --- Isomerism. --- Pigments (Biology) --- Biochromes --- Biological pigments --- Pigment cells --- Biochemistry --- Pigments --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Molecular rotation --- Stereochemistry --- Porphyrin and porphyrin compounds --- Macrocyclic compounds --- Synthesis.

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Aging --- Pigments, Biological --- Lipofuscin. --- Aging. --- Pigments, Biological. --- -Lipofuscins --- -Aging pigments --- Lipofuscin --- Animal pigments --- Lipids --- Age --- Ageing --- Senescence --- Developmental biology --- Gerontology --- Longevity --- Age factors in disease --- Biological Pigments --- Coloring Agents --- Aging, Biological --- Biological Aging --- Mutation Accumulation --- physiology. --- metabolism. --- Physiological aspects --- -Congresses --- Congresses --- Physiological effect --- Lipofuscins --- Pigments --- Congresses. --- physiology --- congresses. --- metabolism --- -physiology. --- Aging pigments --- Physiological aspects&delete& --- Physiology --- Metabolism

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The Carotenoids book series provides detailed accounts of the fundamental chemistry of carotenoids and the basic methods used in carotenoid research, and critical discussions of the biochemistry, functions and applications of these important compounds. Volume 4 and its companion, Volume 5, deal with the functions of carotenoids in all kinds of living organisms and the actions of carotenoids in human nutrition and health. The material presented in the earlier Volumes is all relevant to studies of biological functions and actions. In particular, biological studies must be supported by a rigorous analytical base. The various analytical procedures described in Volumes 1A and 1B, supplemented by the data for individual compounds given in the Carotenoids Handbook, must be understood and applied correctly, whether they are being used for quantitative analysis, identification or in complex studies of carotenoids in situ. In the first part of Volume 4, the structural features that are most important for determining the properties and hence the biological roles of carotenoids are emphasized. The overall molecular geometry (size, three-dimensional shape, presence of functional groups) is vital to ensure that the carotenoid fits into cellular, sub-cellular and molecular structures in the correct location and orientation to allow it to function efficiently. Specific interactions with other molecules, e.g. to form aggregates or complexes with proteins, strongly influence the properties of a carotenoid in vivo and are thus also crucial to functioning. The extended delocalized p-electron system that characterizes the central part of the structure gives the carotenoids their peculiar photochemical properties and reactivity towards oxidizing agents and free radicals. This treatment provides a foundation for the description of the main functions of carotenoids and their breakdown products in the second part of Volume 4 and in Volume 5. Topics covered in Volume 4 include various aspects of the roles of carotenoids in colour and colouration, photosynthesis and other photofunctions, and protection. The formation and roles of carotenoid metabolites and breakdown products as perfume/aroma compounds and as vitamin A are also outlined; the latter is dealt with in more detail in Volume 5, which provides a comprehensive discussion of carotenoids in human health and nutrition.. Biologists now are not only discovering new phenomena but are striving to elucidate details of the underlying mechanisms that explain their observations. Chemistry is moving in new directions relevant to studies in vivo and new techniques are being developed to investigate structural details and interactions and to detect and interpret changes on an ever shorter timescale. Volumes 4 and 5 thus point the way to the future of carotenoid research by highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to study these complex and sophisticated systems.

Carotenoids. --- Pigments (Biology) --- Biochromes --- Biological pigments --- Pigment cells --- Carotinoids --- Chromolipids --- Lipochromes --- Luteins --- Chemistry. --- Human physiology. --- Organic chemistry. --- Biochemistry. --- Plant biochemistry. --- Plant physiology. --- Chemistry/Food Science, general. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Human Physiology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- Plant Physiology. --- Biochemistry --- Pigments --- Terpenes --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Botany --- Plants --- Physiology --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Human biology --- Human body --- Organic chemistry --- Physical sciences --- Composition --- Phytochemistry --- Plant biochemistry --- Plant chemistry --- Phytochemicals --- Plant biochemical genetics

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The Pigments from Microalgae Handbook presents the current state of knowledge on pigment production using microalgae-based processes, and covers both the scientific fundamentals of this technology and its practical applications. It addresses biology, chemistry, biochemistry, analysis and engineering aspects, as well as applications of natural pigments in photosynthetic organisms. The book also describes the analytical procedures associated with the characterization of pigments and the engineering aspects of microalgal pigment production. It considers the three major classes of pigments(chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins) produced and surveys the main commercial applications of these chemicals. The book offers a valuable source of information for industrial researchers and practitioners in industrial biotechnology, as it covers various engineering aspects of microalgal pigment production, such as bioreactors and bioprocesses, industrial extraction processes, and the bioeconomy of production including life-cycle assessment. The book will also be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students of biochemistry, food chemistry, and industrial microbiology.

Chemical engineering. --- Biochemical engineering. --- Biomedical engineering. --- Microbiology. --- Industrial engineering. --- Production engineering. --- Organic chemistry. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Biochemical Engineering. --- Biomedical Engineering/Biotechnology. --- Applied Microbiology. --- Industrial and Production Engineering. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Management engineering --- Simplification in industry --- Engineering --- Value analysis (Cost control) --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Manufacturing engineering --- Process engineering --- Industrial engineering --- Mechanical engineering --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Medicine --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Organic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Bio-process engineering --- Bioprocess engineering --- Biochemistry --- Biotechnology --- Chemical engineering --- Pigments (Biology) --- Biochromes --- Biological pigments --- Pigment cells --- Pigments --- Chemistry, Organic.

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Porphyrins --- Synthesis --- chemical synthesis --- Chemistry. --- Chemistry, inorganic. --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Inorganic Chemistry. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Pigments, Biological --- Tetrapyrroles --- Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings --- Pyrroles --- Macrocyclic Compounds --- Biological Factors --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Polycyclic Compounds --- Azoles --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring --- Animal Biochemistry --- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry --- Inorganic Chemistry --- Chemistry --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Porphyrins. --- Synthesis. --- Heterocyclic Cpds, 1-Ring --- 1-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds --- 1-Ring Heterocyclic Cpds --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1 Ring --- Heterocyclic Cpds, 1 Ring --- Compounds, Polycyclic --- Compounds, Heterocyclic --- Biologic Agents --- Biologic Factors --- Biological Factor --- Factor, Biologic --- Factor, Biological --- Factors, Biological --- Biological Agents --- Agents, Biologic --- Agents, Biological --- Biologic Factor --- Factors, Biologic --- Macrocycle Compounds --- Spherands --- Torands --- Compounds, Macrocycle --- Compounds, Macrocyclic --- Biological Pigments --- Porphyrin and porphyrin compounds --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Organic chemistry --- Inorganic chemistry --- Five Ring Heterocyclic Compounds --- Four Ring Heterocyclic Compounds --- Fused Heterocyclic Compounds, Five-Ring --- Fused Heterocyclic Compounds, Four-Ring --- Heterocyclic Compounds with Four or More Rings --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4-Ring --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 5-Ring --- Heterocyclic Cpds, 4 Ring --- Heterocyclic Cpds, 4 or More Rings --- Heterocyclic Cpds, 5 Ring --- 4-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds --- 5-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds --- Fused Heterocyclic Compounds, Five Ring --- Fused Heterocyclic Compounds, Four Ring --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 Ring --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 5 Ring --- Inorganic chemistry. --- Organic chemistry. --- Physical chemistry. --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Inorganic compounds --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry, Inorganic. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical.