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bioeconomics --- agrarian management --- business

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This paper compares debt-for-climate swaps—partial debt relief operations conditional on debtor commitments to undertake climate-related investments—to alternative fiscal support instruments. Because some of the benefits of debt-climate swaps accrue to non-participating creditors, they are generally less efficient forms of support than conditional grants and/or broad debt restructuring (which could be linked to climate adaptation when the latter significantly reduces credit risk). This said, debt-climate swaps could be superior to conditional grants when they can be structured in a way that makes the climate commitment de facto senior to debt service; and they could be superior to comprehensive debt restructuring in narrow settings, when the latter is expected to produce large economic dislocations and the debt-climate swap is expected to materially reduce debt risks (and achieve debt sustainability). Furthermore, debt-climate swaps could be useful to expand fiscal space for climate investment when grants or more comprehensive debt relief are just not on the table. The paper explores policy actions that would benefit both debt-climate swaps and other forms of climate finance, including developing markets for debt instruments linked to climate performance.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Environmental Economics --- Exports and Imports --- Public Finance --- Foreign Aid --- Sustainable Development --- Renewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy --- Air Pollution --- Water Pollution --- Noise --- Hazardous Waste --- Solid Waste --- Recycling --- Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services --- Biodiversity Conservation --- Bioeconomics --- Industrial Ecology --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Environmental Economics: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Fiscal Policy --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Finance --- Green finance / sustainable finance --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Asset and liability management --- Environment --- External debt --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Debts, External --- Climatic changes --- Debt service --- Fiscal policy --- Debts, Public --- Belize

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This paper provides estimates of output multipliers for spending in clean energy and biodiversity conservation, as well as for spending on non-ecofriendly energy and land use activities. Using a new international dataset, we find that every dollar spent on key carbon-neutral or carbon-sink activities can generate more than a dollar’s worth of economic activity. Although not all green and non-ecofriendly expenditures in the dataset are strictly comparable due to data limitations, estimated multipliers associated with spending on renewable and fossil fuel energy investment are comparable, and the former (1.1-1.5) are larger than the latter (0.5-0.6) with over 90 percent probability. These findings survive several robustness checks and lend support to bottom-up analyses arguing that stabilizing climate and reversing biodiversity loss are not at odds with continuing economic advances.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- International Economics --- Energy --- Natural Resources --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Bayesian Analysis: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Environment and Growth --- Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General --- Sustainable Development --- Renewable Resources and Conservation: General --- Energy and the Macroeconomy --- Environmental Economics: General --- Alternative Energy Sources --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General --- Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services --- Biodiversity Conservation --- Bioeconomics --- Industrial Ecology --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Environmental management --- Conservation of the environment --- Climate change --- Financial crises --- Economic sectors --- Environment --- Renewable energy --- Renewable resources --- Non-renewable resources --- Environmental protection --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Renewable energy sources --- Natural resources --- Greenhouse gases --- Energy conservation --- United States --- Business logistics --- Clean energy. --- Green movement. --- Expenditures, Public. --- Macroeconomics. --- Economics: General. --- International Economics. --- Energy. --- Natural Resources. --- Environmental Conservation and Protection. --- Bayesian Analysis: General. --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General. --- Environment and Growth. --- Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics. --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General. --- Sustainable Development. --- Renewable Resources and Conservation: General. --- Energy and the Macroeconomy. --- Environmental Economics: General. --- Alternative Energy Sources. --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General. --- Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services. --- Biodiversity Conservation. --- Bioeconomics. --- Industrial Ecology. --- Climate. --- Natural Disasters and Their Management. --- Global Warming. --- Economic & financial crises & disasters. --- Economics of specific sectors. --- Environmental management. --- Conservation of the environment. --- Climate change. --- Financial crises. --- Economic sectors. --- Environment. --- Renewable energy. --- Renewable resources. --- Non-renewable resources. --- Environmental protection. --- Greenhouse gas emissions. --- Currency crises. --- Informal sector. --- Economics. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Greenhouse gases. --- Energy conservation. --- Environmental aspects. --- United States.

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This paper aims to provide guidance to issuers of sovereign ESG bonds, with a focus on Emerging Market and Developing Economies (EMDEs). An overview of the ESG financing options available to sovereign issuers is followed by an analysis of the operational requirements and costs that the issuance of sovereign ESG bonds entails. While green bonds are the instruments used to describe the issuance process, the paper also covers alternative instruments, including social and sustainability-linked bonds to provide issuers and other stakeholders with a comprehensive view of the ESG bond marketplace.

Colombia --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Investments: Bonds --- Environmental Economics --- Corporate Governance --- Public Finance --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Corporate Finance and Governance: Government Policy and Regulation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenues: Other Sources of Revenue --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General --- Energy: Government Policy --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services --- Biodiversity Conservation --- Bioeconomics --- Industrial Ecology --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Environmental Economics: General --- Corporate Culture --- Diversity --- Social Responsibility --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Investment & securities --- Corporate governance --- role & responsibilities of boards & directors --- Green finance / sustainable finance --- Environmental economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Bonds --- Financial institutions --- Corporate social responsibility --- Economic sectors --- Climate finance --- Environment --- Sovereign bonds --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Climatic changes --- Environmental sciences --- Debts, Public

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Statistics. --- Sociaal-economische situatie. --- STATISTICS. --- ITALY. --- Italy --- Italy. --- Italie --- Italia --- Italian Republic --- Italianska republika --- Italʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Italien --- Italii︠a︡ --- Italii︠a︡ Respublikasi --- Italiĭsʹka Respublika --- Itālija --- Itālijas Republika --- Italijos Respublika --- Italikē Dēmokratia --- Īṭāliyā --- Italiya Respublikasi --- It'allia --- It'allia Konghwaguk --- İtalya --- İtalya Cumhuriyeti --- Iṭalyah --- Iṭalye --- Itaria --- Itaria Kyōwakoku --- Jumhūrīyah al-Īṭālīyah --- Kgl. Italienische Regierung --- Königliche Italienische Regierung --- Laško --- Lýðveldið Ítalía --- Olasz Köztársaság --- Olaszország --- Regno d'Italia --- Repubblica italiana --- Republiḳah ha-Iṭalḳit --- Włochy --- Yidali --- Yidali Gongheguo --- Sardinia --- Repubblica italiana (1946- ) --- Italian Republic (1946- ) --- Regno d'Italia (1861-1946) --- إيطاليا --- جمهورية الإيطالية --- Італія --- Італьянская Рэспубліка --- Италия --- Италианска република --- Ιταλία --- Ιταλική Δημοκρατία --- 이탈리아 --- 이탈리아 공화국 --- איטליה --- רפובליקה האיטלקית --- イタリア --- イタリア共和国 --- Италия Республикаси --- Итальянская Республика --- Італійська Республіка --- איטאליע --- 意大利 --- 意大利共和国 --- Statistics as Topic. --- Area Analysis --- Correlation Studies --- Correlation Study --- Correlation of Data --- Data Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Data --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Analysis, Data --- Analysis, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Data Analyses --- Data Correlation --- Data Correlations --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Correlation --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Correlation --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- Sardinia (Italy) --- Italʹi͡anskai͡a Rėspublika --- Italii͡ --- Italii͡a Respublikasi --- Īṭāliy --- Італійська Республіка --- market analysis. --- economics. --- Economics, Business and Industry --- aggregation (economics) --- agribusiness and business economics --- agricultural economics --- bioeconomics --- consumer economics --- econometrics --- economic analysis --- economic behavior --- economic crises --- economic development --- economic evaluation --- economic factors --- economic outlook and situation --- economic policy --- economic regions --- economic resources --- economic systems --- economic theory --- economic, census and historical data --- environmental economics --- financial economics --- fungibility --- industrial organization and market structure --- international economics --- labor and demographic economics --- macroeconomics --- microeconomics --- production economics --- public economics --- regional economics --- socioeconomics --- trade --- economists --- market research --- marketing --- Statistics as Topic