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Chemistry, Analytical. --- Sequence Analysis. --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Biochimie analytique --- Analytical biochemistry

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biochemie --- General biochemistry --- Analytical biochemistry --- biologie --- Biochimie analytique --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Analytische biochemie --- 577

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Thermal analysis methods have been introduced into forensic sciences only in recent times. Though thermoanalytical instruments have been available commercially for some decades it was not until the beginning of the seventies that forensic scientists became interested in them. At that time some state forensic science laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany made use of differential thermal analysis for forensic soil investigations. The forensic science section of the city police of ZUrich, Switzerland, applied an instrument (differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry) for various purposes. Investigations of fibers by means of differential scanning calorimetry were reported by the Centre of Forensic Sciences at Toronto, Canada, and on the characterization of candle-waxes by differential thermal analysis by the Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory, London, England. Later on some other insti­ tutions like the Bundeskriminalamt at Wiesbaden, Germany, or the Home Office Central Research Establishment at Aldermaston, England, purchased instruments for one or more of the following thermal analysis methods: differential thermal analysis or differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and thermomechanical analysis. . But even now thermoanalytical instruments are not widespread in forensic science institutes and knowledge of their forensic potential seems to be limited. In the following chapters we will give a survey of the most important thermal analysis methods mentioned above, and on current forensic applications and/or fields of actual research efforts.

Chemistry, Forensic. --- Forensic sciences. --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Chimie légale. --- Criminalistique. --- Biochimie analytique

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The range at which a weapon has been fired is an important measurement for the reconstruction of firearms offenses (murder, suicide, accident). All changes caused by a shot and which vary according to the distance from the weapon are suitable in principle for determining this distance. However, some procedures are very elegant in theory but hardly applicable in practice. The constructions of ammunition and the sequence of events during a shot are dealt with first as this knowledge forms a basis for understanding the various methods. The individual zones (classes) of firing distances (contact shot, intermediate shot, distance shot) are described. In this connection, the morphological methods for determining the firing distance are discussed. From the shape and size of the powder residue distribution (soot stains, powder tattooing) and with the knowledge of the weapon and ammunition, the distance from the target can be elucidated. In this chapter, the methods of making an invisible distribution visible are also dealt with. In order to determine the range of the shot from the appearance of the wound no complicated apparatus is necessary. One can judge with the naked eye. These procedures have a great advantage over the methods discussed in the following chapter in that they give stronger proof. They are more vivid and convincing for the uninitiated (judge or jury) than abstract measurements obtained by scientific devices.

Chemistry, Forensic. --- Forensic entomology. --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Forensic sciences --- Chimie légale --- Entomologie légale --- Biochimie analytique --- Criminalistique --- Laboratories. --- Laboratoires

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Reporter cells: - Yeast Based Sensors by Mifumi Shimomura-Shimizu and Isao Karube - Mammalian Cell-Based Sensor Systems by Pratik Banerjee, Briana Franz, and Arun K. Bhunia - Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Cell-Based Sensors: Strategies for Their Preservation by Amol Date, Patrizia Pasini, and Sylvia Daunert - Electrochemical Cell-Based Sensors by Eliora Z. Ron and Judith Rishpon - Microbial Cell Arrays by Tal Elad, Jin Hyung Lee, Man Bock Gu, and Shimshon Belkin Devices: - Surface Functionalization for Protein and Cell Patterning by Pascal Colpo , Ana Ruiz , Laura Ceriotti , and François Rossi - Fiber-Optic Based Cell Sensors by Evgeni Eltzov and Robert S. Marks - Electronic Interfacing with Living Cells by James T. Fleming - On-Chip Detection of Cellular Activity by R. Almog , R. Daniel , S. Vernick , A. Ron , H. Ben-Yoav, and Y. Shacham-Diamand

Chemistry. --- Biotechnology. --- Cell Biology. --- Biological Techniques. --- Analytical Chemistry. --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Cytology. --- Cytology --- Chimie --- Biochimie analytique --- Biotechnologie --- Cytologie --- Research_xMethodology. --- Biosensors --- Cells