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Translated from German by Éric Verdeil, this doctoral thesis by Helmut Ruppert was first published in 1969 ( Beirut, eine westlich geprägte Stadt des Orients , Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Heft 27, 1969). At that time, it was one of the first attempts at a comprehensive geographic study of the city of Beirut. In a style that is sometimes reminiscent of travelogues xix th century, the author emphasizes in his approach a field survey, a survey of streets and backyards of the Lebanese capital in the late 1960s, which he presents as a kind of borderline between Middle East and West. After focusing on the history of the city's urban development, Ruppert describes the Beirut neighbourhoods, of which he analyses with precision the social organization. The work also takes Beirut through the prism of economic geography by reflecting on the functional structuring of urban space. Finally, thanks to the many maps and photographs presented there, Beirut, a city of the East marked by the West, is not only a reference book for the researcher. It offers a precious and fascinating testimony for anyone wishing to discover or rediscover the already multiple face that was that of the Levantine metropolis before the civil war.
Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Communities - Urban Groups --- Beirut (Lebanon) --- Buildings, structures, etc. --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon) --- Liban --- géographie urbaine --- Beyrouth
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Beirut (Lebanon) --- Lebanon --- Newspaper --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon)
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Exploring the ways in which writers utilize the spaces of the city - joining the factual with the imaginary - this book shows how idiosyncratic perceptions of Beirut are produced, generating an infinite number of Beiruts. The city emerges as interactive, dynamic and historical, a place that is created from the streets, buildings, and monuments as well as through performance and social interaction. By referring to factual places in Beirut, the novels produce a strong reality effect through a mimetic mode of expression. Simultaneously, these texts reveal that Beirut is an unstable locale that resists fixity and transparency, shifting between the real and imagined, and the quotidian and discursive. Writing Beirut explores the city in 16 Arabic novels focusing on the urban/rural divide, the imagined and idealized city, the city through panoramic views and pedestrian acts, the city as sexualized and gendered, and the city as a palimpsest. While the book focuses on Beirut in Arabic novels, the introduction provides a thorough overview of Beirut in the modern Arabic novel.Key Features: * Takes an innovative approach to Beirut focusing on the spatial and geographical in a close literary analysis of 16 modern Arabic novels from various parts of the Arab world *Shows how Beirut is imagined in fiction and how writers use the spaces of the city *Draws on sources from the field of geography and space including Foucault, Lefebvre, de Certeau, Sja and Rose
Arabic fiction --- Arabic literature --- Middle Eastern Languages & Literatures --- Languages & Literatures --- History and criticism --- Beirut (Lebanon) --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon) --- In literature. --- History and criticism.
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Exploring the origins and development of the Syrian identity, during the 18th and 19th centuries, through the role of Christian Arab intellectuals and merchants, Ottomans and American missionaries, this volume examines its background, stages of evolution, and components. It shows that the contribution of these Christian Arabs, despite their relatively small number, lies in the processes they set in motion, being the first to promote territorial concepts along with a secular interpretation of Arab culture. This Syrian identity constitutes an innovative case study in the broader discipline of proto-national identity and the study of the development of local identities in Middle Eastern countries. It is also a vital basis for research of 20th century Syrian nationalism.
Syrians --- National characteristics, Syrian. --- Syrian national characteristics --- Ethnology --- Beirut (Lebanon) --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon) --- Intellectual life --- History --- History of Asia --- anno 1800-1899 --- Intellectual life. --- Cultural life --- Culture
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The linguistic categories of aspect, tense and action are closely interrelated. In the first part of Aspect, Tense and Action in the Arabic dialect of Beirut , Stefan Bruweleit defines the three categories and describes the interplay between them at a metagrammatical level. In the next parts he applies the theoretical findings of the first part to the Arabic dialect of Beirut, investigates the ways temporal, aspectual and actional categories are expressed and shows how to decide whether the verb system of the dialect has to be regarded as aspectual or as temporal. One of the main results of the work is the fact that a thorough understanding of a verb system is only possible through an understanding of the categorial interplay of aspect, tense and action.
Arabic language --- Urban dialects --- Semitic languages --- Dialects, Urban --- Urbanisms (Linguistics) --- Cities and towns --- Dialectology --- Language and languages --- Languages in contact --- Sociolinguistics --- Dialects. --- Variation. --- Social aspects. --- Variation --- Beirut (Lebanon) --- Languages. --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon)
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Beirut is a city divided. Following the Green Line of the civil war, dividing the Christian east and the Muslim west, today hundreds of such lines dissect the city. For the residents of Beirut, urban planning could hold promise: a new spatial order could bring a peaceful future. But with unclear state structures and outsourced public processes, urban planning has instead become a contest between religious-political organizations and profit-seeking developers. Neighborhoods reproduce poverty, displacement, and urban violence. For the War Yet to Come examines urban planning in three neighborhoods of Beirut's southeastern peripheries, revealing how these areas have been developed into frontiers of a continuing sectarian order. Hiba Bou Akar argues these neighborhoods are arranged, not in the expectation of a bright future, but according to the logic of "the war yet to come": urban planning plays on fears and differences, rumors of war, and paramilitary strategies to organize everyday life. As she shows, war in times of peace is not fought with tanks, artillery, and rifles, but involves a more mundane territorial contest for land and apartment sales, zoning and planning regulations, and infrastructure projects.
City planning --- Communalism --- Ethnic relations --- Ethnocentrism --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Land use --- Planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Regional planning --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Political aspects --- Government policy --- Management --- Beirut (Lebanon) --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon) --- Politics and government. --- Urbanisme --- Communalisme --- Aspect politique --- Beyrouth (Liban) --- Politique et gouvernement --- Sociology of environment --- Environmental planning --- Economic geography
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The "home" is a quintessentially "idian topic, yet one at the center of global concerns: Consumption habits, aesthetic preferences, international trade, and state authority all influence the domestic sphere. For middle-class residents of late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Beirut, these debates took on critical importance. As Beirut was reshaped into a modern city, legal codes and urban projects pressed at the home from without, and imported commodities and new consumption habits transformed it from within. Drawing from rich archives in Arabic, Ottoman, French, and English—from advertisements and catalogues to previously unstudied government documents—A Taste for Home places the middle-class home at the intersection of local and global transformations. Middle-class domesticity took form between changing urbanity, politicization of domesticity, and changing consumption patterns. Transcending class-based aesthetic theories and static notions of "Westernization" alike, this book illuminates the self-representations and the material realities of an emerging middle class. Toufoul Abou-Hodeib offers a cultural history of late Ottoman Beirut that is at once global in the widest sense of the term and local enough to enter the most private of spaces.
Home --- Middle class --- Home economics --- Domestic economy --- Domestic science --- Family and consumer sciences --- Household management --- Household science --- Family life education --- Consumer education --- Formulas, recipes, etc. --- Households --- Bourgeoisie --- Commons (Social order) --- Middle classes --- Social classes --- Families --- Marriage --- History. --- Social conditions --- Beirut (Lebanon) --- Lebanon --- Social life and customs. --- Civilization --- European influences. --- Europe --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon)
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Exploring the intersections of visual culture, design and politics in Beirut from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s, this compelling interdisciplinary study critically examines a global conjuncture in Lebanon's history, marked by anticolonial struggle and complicated by a Cold War order. Against a celebratory reminiscence of the 'golden years', Beirut's long 1960s is conceived of as a liminal juncture, an anxious time and space when the city held out promises at once politically radical and radically cosmopolitan. Zeina Maasri examines the transnational circuits that animated Arab modernist pursuits, shedding light on key cultural transformations that saw Beirut develop as a Mediterranean site of tourism and leisure, a nexus between modern art and pan-Arab publishing and, through the rise of the Palestinian Resistance, a node in revolutionary anti-imperialism. Drawing on uncharted archives of printed media this book expands the scope of historical analysis of the postcolonial Arab East.
Art and society --- Modernism (Art) --- Cosmopolitanism --- Design --- Book design --- Decolonization in art. --- Visual communication --- Graphic communication --- Imaginal communication --- Pictorial communication --- Communication --- Design, Book --- Books --- Graphic design (Typography) --- Creation (Literary, artistic, etc.) --- Political science --- Internationalism --- Art, Modernist --- Modern art --- Modernism in art --- Modernist art --- Aesthetic movement (Art) --- Art, Modern --- Art --- Art and sociology --- Society and art --- Sociology and art --- Political aspects --- Format --- Social aspects --- Beirut (Lebanon) --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon) --- Civilization
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Conçu à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle, le pôle urbain de Sanayeh valorisait la modernité au sein de l'Empire ottoman. Construit sur des dunes de sable, il représentait un défi de l'homme sur la nature. Ce livre, accompagné d'une série de films, propose une vision du quartier des arts et métiers, Sanayeh, tel qu'il est vécu aujourd'hui. Bien que situé au cœur de Beyrouth, Sanayeh dévoile, derrière les immeubles modernes qui entourent désormais le jardin public, un espace plus traditionnel. Une...
Motion pictures --- Beirut (Lebanon) --- Cinema --- Feature films --- Films --- Movies --- Moving-pictures --- Audio-visual materials --- Mass media --- Performing arts --- History and criticism --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon) --- art et recherche --- quartier de Sanayeh --- anthropologie
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Quartiers "illégaux", "informels", "irréguliers" : les études sur l'urbanisme proche-oriental s'intéressent de plus en plus à ces lieux de la ville où l'habitat contrevient aux règles de la construction et de l'urbanisme. Ces désignations recouvrent en réalité une grande diversité dans les histoires et les enjeux socio-politiques présidant au développement de ces quartiers. Ce livre en étudie un exemple particulièrement révélateur. La banlieue sud-ouest de Beyrouth concentre la grande majorité des quartiers irréguliers du Liban : ceux-ci participent de la stigmatisation sociale de cette périphérie de la capitale, et les grands projets de reconstruction de l'après-guerre ont par ailleurs fait de l'irrégularité urbaine une question d'actualité. Les occupations de terrains pendant la guerre ou encore les extensions des camps de réfugiés sont liées à l'histoire récente du Liban. Mais en se plongeant dans l'histoire foncière des parcelles irrégulièrement construites et occupées, ce livre révèle que leur sort a également été marqué par des ambiguïtés juridiques remontant à l'époque ottomane ou au Mandat français. Cette profondeur historique remet en perspective le phénomène de l'irrégularité foncière. S'ajoutent des histoires particulières, celles de propriétaires plus ou moins bien placés pour protéger leur bien, qui montrent que les stratégies individuelles ou collectives sont souvent un facteur important pour expliquer la localisation et l'ampleur des irrégularités. Plan, réglementation, loi et norme sont des outils majeurs de l'urbanisme. lorsqu'il organise la ville. Aussi l'irrégularité, qu'elle soit définie en termes juridiques (illégalité) ou formels (désordre visible dans l'espace), fonctionne-t-elle comme un remarquable révélateur des tensions qui traversent l'aménagement urbain. Entretiens, enquêtes de terrain, travail sur des archives cartographiques et juridiques ou encore étude du cadastre mettent ici au jour les raisons qui rendent certains lieux...
Slums --- Sociology, Urban --- Beirut (Lebanon) --- Social conditions. --- Urban sociology --- Cities and towns --- Slum clearance --- Housing --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon) --- urbanisme --- foncier --- propriété immobilière --- habitat illégal --- banlieue
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