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Berit milah --- Circumcision --- Antisemitism.

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Berit milah --- Circumcision --- Religious aspects --- Judaism

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Jewish religion --- Childbirth --- Judaism --- Berit milah --- Judaïsme --- Religious aspects --- Customs and practices. --- Coutumes et pratiques --- Berit milah. --- Judaism. --- Judaïsme --- Birth customs --- Customs and practices --- Childbirth - Religious aspects - Judaism. --- Judaism - Customs and practices.

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Matthew Thiessen offers a nuanced and wide-ranging study of the nature of Jewish thought on Jewishness, circumcision, and conversion. Examining texts from the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Judaism, and early Christianity, he gives a compelling account of the various forms of Judaism from which the early Christian movement arose.Beginning with analysis of the Hebrew Bible, Thiessen argues that there is no evidence that circumcision was considered to be a rite of conversion to Israelite religion. In fact, circumcision, particularly the infant circumcision practiced within Israelite and early Jewish society, excluded from the covenant those not properly descended from Abraham. In the Second Temple period, many Jews began to subscribe to a definition of Jewishness that enabled Gentiles to become Jews. Other Jews, such as the author of Jubilees, found this definition problematic, reasserting a strictly genealogical conception of Jewish identity. As a result, some Gentiles who underwent conversion to Judaism in this period faced criticism because of their suspect genealogy.Thiessen's examination of the way in which Jews in the Second Temple period perceived circumcision and conversion allows a deeper understanding of early Christianity. Contesting Conversion shows that careful attention to a definition of Jewishness that was based on genealogical descent has crucial implications for understanding the variegated nature of early Christian mission to the Gentiles in the first century C.E.

221.08*4 --- 221.08*4 Theologie van het Oude Testament: cultus --- Theologie van het Oude Testament: cultus --- Jews - Identity. --- Gentiles. --- Conversion - Judaism --- Circumcision - Biblical teaching. --- Berit milah. --- Circumcision - Religious aspects - Christianity. --- Jews --- Conversion --- Circumcision

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Central to both biblical narrative and rabbinic commentary, circumcision has remained a defining rite of Jewish identity, a symbol so powerful that challenges to it have always been considered taboo. Lawrence Hoffman seeks to find out why circumcision holds such an important place in the Jewish psyche. He traces the symbolism of circumcision through Jewish history, examining its evolution as a symbol of the covenant in the post-exilic period of the Bible and its subsequent meaning in the formative era of Mishnah and Talmud. In the rabbinic system, Hoffman argues, circumcision was neither a birth ritual nor the beginning of the human life cycle, but a rite of covenantal initiation into a male "life line". Although the evolution of the rite was shaped by rabbinic debates with early Christianity, the Rabbis shared with the church a view of blood as providing salvation. Hoffman examines the particular significance of circumcision blood, which, in addition to its salvific role, contrasted with menstrual blood to symbolize the gender dichotomy within the rabbinic system. His analysis of the Rabbis' views of circumcision and menstrual blood sheds light on the marginalization of women in rabbinic law. Differentiating official mores about gender from actual practice, Hoffman surveys women's spirituality within rabbinic society and examines the roles mothers played in their sons' circumcisions until the medieval period, when they were finally excluded.

Berit milah --- Blood --- Rabbinical literature --- Women in rabbinical literature. --- History. --- Religious aspects --- Judaism. --- History and criticism. --- Women in rabbinical literature --- Body fluids --- Fear of blood --- Berit mila --- Berith --- Berith milah --- Bris --- Briss --- Brit periah --- Brith --- Periah --- Circumcision --- Judaism --- Women in the Talmud --- History --- Religious aspects&delete& --- History and criticism --- Customs and practices