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Since 1991, the 15 countries under review - have to varying degrees, been pursuing reforms whose broad objectives have been to achieve market-based determination of interest rates and exchange rates, manage banking system liquidity through market operations with indirect instruments, and provide the institutional underpinnings for the design and implementation of macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform programs supported by the IMF. This study reviews the experience under these programs and the economic developments in the countries that undertook them.

Baltic Area --- Russian Federation --- 336.71 <474> --- 336.71 <470> --- banken --- banque centrale --- politique monetaire --- baltische staten --- monetair beleid --- Oost-Europa --- Rusland --- SU / Soviet Union - Ussr - Urss --- EE / Estonia - Estland - Estonie --- LT / Lithuania - Litouwen - Lituanie --- LV / Latvia - Letland - Lettonie --- 333.111.7 --- 333.111.30 --- 333.111.8 --- Bankwezen--Baltische Republieken --- Bankwezen--?<470> --- centrale bank --- etats baltes --- Betrekkingen van de centrale banken met de kredietinstellingen. --- Verrichtingen: algemeen. --- betrekkingen van de centrale banken onder elkaar, met buitenlandse banken en internationale instellingen. Gekruiste kredieten met niet verblijvende instellingen. --- Working papers --- 336.71 <470> Bankwezen--?<470> --- 336.71 <474> Bankwezen--Baltische Republieken --- Russia --- Banks and banking, Central --- 333.101 --- 333.17 --- Banker's banks --- Banks, Central --- Central banking --- Central banks --- Banks and banking --- Banksysteem en bankstelsel --- Verrichtingen: algemeen --- Betrekkingen van de centrale banken met de kredietinstellingen --- betrekkingen van de centrale banken onder elkaar, met buitenlandse banken en internationale instellingen. Gekruiste kredieten met niet verblijvende instellingen --- Crises, saneringen en hervormingen van het bankwezen --- Private finance --- Banks and banking, Central - Former Soviet republics. --- Accounting --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Investments: General --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- International Financial Markets --- Banking --- Finance --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Investment & securities --- Public finance accounting --- Monetary economics --- Financial services law & regulation --- Commercial banks --- Treasury bills and bonds --- Bank deposits --- Financial institutions --- Credit --- Money --- Currencies --- Payment systems --- Financial markets --- Currency markets --- Bank supervision --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Bank resolution --- Financial crises --- Government securities --- Finance, Public --- Clearinghouses --- Foreign exchange market --- State supervision --- Kyrgyz Republic