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Equilibrium --- Stochastic systems --- Equilibre --- Systèmes stochastiques --- 519.217 --- Systems, Stochastic --- Stochastic processes --- System analysis --- Balance --- Balance (Physics) --- Balancing (Physics) --- Stability --- Statics --- Markov processes --- 519.217 Markov processes --- Systèmes stochastiques

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The aim of the book is to cover the three fundamental aspects of research in equilibrium problems: the statement problem and its formulation using mainly variational methods, its theoretical solution by means of classical and new variational tools, the calculus of solutions and applications in concrete cases. The book shows how many equilibrium problems follow a general law (the so-called user equilibrium condition). Such law allows us to express the problem in terms of variational inequalities. Variational inequalities provide a powerful methodology, by which existence and calculation of the solution can be obtained.

Nonsmooth optimization --- Variational inequalities (Mathematics) --- Equilibrium --- Operations Research --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Balance --- Balance (Physics) --- Balancing (Physics) --- Stability --- Statics --- Inequalities, Variational (Mathematics) --- Calculus of variations --- Differential inequalities --- Nonsmooth analysis --- Optimization, Nonsmooth --- Mathematical optimization

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The ideal of balance and its association with what is ordered, just, and healthful remained unchanged throughout the medieval period. The central place allotted to balance in the workings of nature and society also remained unchanged. What changed within the culture of scholasticism, between approximately 1280 and 1360, was the emergence of a greatly expanded sense of what balance is and can be. In this groundbreaking history of balance, Joel Kaye reveals that this new sense of balance and its potentialities became the basis of a new model of equilibrium, shaped and shared by the most acute and innovative thinkers of the period. Through a focus on four disciplines - scholastic economic thought, political thought, medical thought, and natural philosophy - Kaye's book reveals that this new model of equilibrium opened up striking new vistas of imaginative and speculative possibility, making possible a profound re-thinking of the world and its workings.

Philosophy, Medieval --- Harmony (Philosophy) --- Equilibrium --- Philosophie médiévale. --- Scolastique. --- Harmonie (esthétique) --- Équilibre. --- Philosophie médiévale --- Scolastique --- Équilibre --- Philosophy, Medieval. --- Equilibrium. --- Balance --- Balance (Physics) --- Balancing (Physics) --- Stability --- Statics --- Philosophy --- Medieval philosophy --- Scholasticism

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This book treats the classical problem of gravitational physics within Einstein's theory of general relativity. It presents basic principles and equations needed to describe rotating fluid bodies, as well as black holes in equilibrium. It then goes on to deal with a number of analytically tractable limiting cases, placing particular emphasis on the rigidly rotating disc of dust. The book concludes by considering the general case using powerful numerical methods that are applied to various models, including the classical example of equilibrium figures of constant density. Researchers in general relativity, mathematical physics, and astrophysics will find this a valuable reference book on the topic. A related website containing codes for calculating various figures of equilibrium is available at www.cambridge.org/9781107407350.

Astrophysics. --- Equilibrium. --- Relativity (Physics). --- Rotating masses of fluid. --- Relativity (Physics) --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Gravitation --- Nonrelativistic quantum mechanics --- Space and time --- Balance --- Balance (Physics) --- Balancing (Physics) --- Stability --- Statics --- Fluids --- Hydrodynamics --- Hydrostatics --- Rotational motion --- Attractions of ellipsoids

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This study incorporates elements from the disciplines of international relations and history to address key international and domestic elements that have shaped the interactions between Russia and China over time. It demonstrates how changes in the inter-state relationship were, and are, initiated. Controversial issues are examined through previously unobtainable materials from sources including the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation and the Russian Centre for the Preservation and Research of the Documents of Modern Histor

International relations. --- Equilibrium. --- Balance --- Balance (Physics) --- Balancing (Physics) --- Stability --- Statics --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Russia --- China --- Soviet Union --- Russia (Federation)