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Financial instruments --- Off balance sheet financing. --- Accounting.

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Off balance sheet financing --- Contracts --- Corporations --- Accounting --- Valuation --- Standards

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The COVID-19 crisis, which has sent economies in South Asia and around the world into a deep recession, has highlighted South Asia's rising debt levels and sizable hidden liabilities. State-owned enterprises, state-owned commercial banks, and public-private partnerships have been at the center of the rising debt wave and the latest pandemic response. Historically,South Asia has relied on these direct public interventions more than other regions. The interventions have helped governments tackle key development challenges and rapidly deliver relief measures during crises. However, because of their inefficiencies and weak governance, the interventions are also a significant source of public indebtedness and macrofinancial risks. Hidden Debt examines the trade-off between tackling development challenges through direct state presence in the market and avoiding unsustainable debt due to economic inefficiencies of such off-balance sheet operations, which greatly leverage public capital. The study recommends a reform agenda based on the four interrelated principles of purpose, incentives, transparency, and accountability (PITA). The reforms can mitigate the risks that off-balance sheet operations will become the source of the next financial crisis in South Asia.

Financial crises --- Government business enterprises --- Off balance sheet financing. --- Risk --- Prevention. --- Finance.

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Off balance sheet financing --- Accounting. --- United States. --- United States. --- Accounting --- Auditing. --- Rules and practice --- Evaluation.

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Die EG-Bilanzrichtlinien und die IAS/IFRS sind für Kapitalgesellschaften konzipiert. Gleichwohl hat der Gemeinschaftsgesetzgeber anerkannt, dass ihre Erstreckung auf die Kapitalgesellschaft & Co. geboten ist. Technisch geschah dies, indem er die Rechnungslegungsregeln der Kapitalgesellschaften auf die Kapitalgesellschaften & Co. übertragen hat. Das wirft zwei Fragen auf: die nach der Rechtfertigung der Einbeziehung der Kapitalgesellschaft & Co. in das Europäische Bilanzrecht (Ob der Einbeziehung) und die nach der Notwendigkeit, die für Kapitalgesellschaften konzipierten Rechnungslegungsregeln wegen der besonderen strukturellen Merkmale der Kapitalgesellschaften & Co. für diese zu modifizieren (Wie der Einbeziehung). In einem größeren Zusammenhang werden die Einbindung der EG-Bilanzrichtlinien und der IAS/IFRS in das Sekundärrecht, ihre Entwicklungen sowie ihre Ziele und Auslegung aufgezeigt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf ihrem Verhältnis zu anderen gesellschaftsrechtlichen Richtlinien und Verordnungen.

Financial statements --- Corporations --- Law and legislation --- Accounting --- Balance-sheet law. --- corporation (law).