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Electrons --- Electrons --- Backscattering --- Backscattering.

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Backscattering. --- Fiber optics. --- Reflectometer.

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Irrigated agriculture is an important strategic sector in Morocco, it accounts for about 45%, on average, of the agricultural Gross Domestic Product, contributing thus to food security and employment. It occupies 15% (about 1.5 million ha) of the total cultivated area in the country. Irrigation scheme managers need to ensure that water is optimally used in the irrigated perimeters and that water shortages are avoided. For large areas under irrigation, this can be achieved through water monitoring at plot level using modeling and satellite-based methodologies. The main objective of this research was to assess the use of optical and radar remote sensing and of crop modeling in the irrigation monitoring and management of wheat in the irrigated perimeter of Tadla. The potential of spectral indices derived from SPOT-5 images was explored for comparing, quantifying and mapping surface water content changes at regional and local levels. Indices were computed using the reflectance in red, near infrared and shortwave infrared bands. Our findings show that the normalized difference water index (NDWIRog) could be used to estimate and map the surface water content of wheat plots, from bare soil to fully covered soil. Backscatter threshold values derived from SAR images were used to detect irrigation water supplies in wheat plots and the optimal acquisition frequency of SAR images was determined in order to ensure continuous monitoring. A field crop model (AquaCrop) was adjusted to simulate durum wheat yields and the temporal evolution of soil moisture status in order to manage and schedule irrigation water supplies and assess their impact on yield. Currently, the approaches described in this paper are being applied independently. This research was intended, therefore, to provide tools to help policy-makers and stakeholders improve irrigation monitoring and mitigate wheat water stress at the field and irrigation perimeter levels in semi-arid areas.

Cultures --- Rétrodiffusion. --- Backscattering --- Wheat --- Irrigation Management --- Irrigation. --- Morocco

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Experimental atomic and molecular physics --- Theoretical spectroscopy. Spectroscopic techniques --- fysicochemie --- Alpha ray spectrometry --- Backscattering --- 535 --- Back scatter --- Scattering (Physics) --- Spectrometry, Alpha ray --- Spectrometer --- Spectrum analysis --- Optics --- 535 Optics

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543.063 <063> --- Solids --- -Electron beams --- -Backscattering --- -Microlithography --- -Electron energy loss spectroscopy --- -Electrons --- -Corpuscular theory of matter --- Atoms --- Leptons (Nuclear physics) --- Matter --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Cathode rays --- Ions --- Positrons --- EELS (Spectrum analysis) --- Energy loss spectroscopy, Electron --- Spectroscopy, Electron energy loss --- Electron spectroscopy --- Lithography --- Microtechnology --- Back scatter --- Scattering (Physics) --- Beams, Electron --- Electron optics --- Electronics --- Particle beams --- Solid state physics --- Transparent solids --- 543.063 <063> Analytical chemistry--?.063--Congressen --- Analytical chemistry--?.063--Congressen --- Effect of radiation on --- -Congresses --- Congresses --- Backscattering --- Constitution --- Electron beams --- Electron energy loss spectroscopy --- Microlithography --- Faisceaux électroniques --- Scattering --- Diffusion --- Faisceaux électroniques --- Electronics and optics of solids --- Electrons --- Congrès --- Congresses.