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'Environmental enrichment' is often considered to improve captive animal welfare. However, some studies using male mice, Mus musculus, indicate that increasing cage complexity, increases aggression. Limited evidence suggests that enrichment differs in ifs effects on behaviour and physiology between strains; but behaviour also differs between strains in non-enriched environments. Differ ences in enrichment type, evaluation methods, and strains used, have caused difficulty in interpreting the efficacy of environmental enrichment in improving welfare. Using enrichment suitable for commercial laboratories (nesting material and a Perspex tunnel), we physiological responses among males of six strains housed in iron-enriched standard polypropylene cages with those housed in 'enriched' cages. Outbred ICR(CD-1) and TO mice, and inbred BALB/c mice were more aggressive than C57BL/6, CBA/Ca and DBA/2 mice, which exhibited low levels of aggression typical of most inbred strains. Enrichment did not significantly affect aggression levels. Animals in enriched cages spent more time investigating the internal cage environment, eating and drinking, and in stereotypic behaviour patterns, although levels differed between strains. The greatest increase in stereotypy levels (bar-related stereotypies,pies) with enrichment was found in DBA/2 mice. Higher testosterone levels were maintained over the study, period ill mice housed in enriched cages, and in more aggressive strains. IgG levels were also higher in mice housed in enriched cages, and in the outbred strains ICR(CD-1) and TO compared with inbred strains. The relationship between aggression, testosterone and 'enrichment' suggests, that increasing complexity in laboratory cages may increase a naturally, selected territorial response in some strains. The implications for strain-specific welfare are discussed
Aggression. --- Aggressive-behavior. --- Aggressive. --- Animal welfare,behaviour,enrichment,mice,physiology,strain differences. --- Animal welfare. --- Animal-welfare. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Babesia-microti. --- Behaviour. --- Cage. --- Design. --- Drinking. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Environments. --- Hormonal responses. --- Immunity costs. --- Inbred strains. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Laboratory cages. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory. --- Level. --- Male house mice. --- Male-mice. --- Male. --- Males. --- Method. --- Mice. --- Mus musculus. --- Mus-musculus. --- Musculus. --- Nesting material. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Physiological-responses. --- Physiological. --- Physiology. --- Resistance. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Social-organization. --- Stereotypic behaviour. --- Stereotypic. --- Stereotypies. --- Stereotypy. --- Testosterone levels. --- Testosterone. --- Time. --- Welfare.
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Babesiosis, caused by tick-transmitted intraerythrocytic parasites (Babesia spp.), occurs worldwide. The disease mainly affects livestock, but records of infections in humans are increasing, and the disease is considered to be emerging worldwide. This book provides a comprehensive and holistic view of Babesia species that can infect humans. Numerous experts analyze, in detail, basic aspects of the biology of Babesia, the pathology of the babesiosis highlighting the pathogenesis of babesiosis in sickle cell, the eco-epidemiology of tick vectors and the impact of climate change on them, the current status, and future prospects for laboratory diagnosis and measures to prevent transfusion transmission. The book also focused on unidentified Babesia parasites that continue to emerge, most likely from wildlife, for which neither tick vector species nor vertebrate reservoir host species are currently known. Lastly, current and new therapies for infected patients, in vitro and in vivo culture systems for antibabesial evaluation and measures to prevent infections are also considered.
Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- babesiosis --- Babesia microti --- Babesia duncani --- parasite --- therapy --- atovaquone --- endochin-like quinolones (ELQs) --- human babesiosis --- Nantucket Island --- epidemiology --- ecology --- human risk --- European babesiosis --- Babesia divergens --- Babesia venatorum --- Ixodes ricinus --- parasite identity --- clinical cases --- diagnosis --- treatment --- Babesia --- diversity --- phylogenetic analysis --- blood transfusion --- prevention --- screening --- aspartyl protease --- plasmepsin --- apicomplexa --- piroplasmida --- BmIPA48 --- BMR1_03g00960 --- piroplasmid rhoptry-associated protein-1 (pRAP-1) --- ticks --- Babesia sp. --- biological cycle --- experimental transmission --- experimental models --- Ixodes scapularis --- climate --- global warming --- Babesia sp. MO1 --- Babesia capreoli --- rap-1a --- ama-1 --- phylogeny --- sickle-cell anemia --- hemolysis --- haemoglobinopathies --- immunoepidemiology --- case surveillance --- therapeutic drugs --- peptidases --- antibody-based assays --- nucleic acid tests --- multiplex detection --- next generation sequencing --- glycosylphosphatidylinositol --- protein structure --- antigen --- host blood analysis --- fallow deer --- ixodid ticks --- piroplasm --- red deer --- Theileria --- Babesia bovis --- Babesia bigemina --- Colombia --- n/a --- in vitro culture --- erythrocytes --- DMEM-F12 --- virulence
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Babesiosis, caused by tick-transmitted intraerythrocytic parasites (Babesia spp.), occurs worldwide. The disease mainly affects livestock, but records of infections in humans are increasing, and the disease is considered to be emerging worldwide. This book provides a comprehensive and holistic view of Babesia species that can infect humans. Numerous experts analyze, in detail, basic aspects of the biology of Babesia, the pathology of the babesiosis highlighting the pathogenesis of babesiosis in sickle cell, the eco-epidemiology of tick vectors and the impact of climate change on them, the current status, and future prospects for laboratory diagnosis and measures to prevent transfusion transmission. The book also focused on unidentified Babesia parasites that continue to emerge, most likely from wildlife, for which neither tick vector species nor vertebrate reservoir host species are currently known. Lastly, current and new therapies for infected patients, in vitro and in vivo culture systems for antibabesial evaluation and measures to prevent infections are also considered.
babesiosis --- Babesia microti --- Babesia duncani --- parasite --- therapy --- atovaquone --- endochin-like quinolones (ELQs) --- human babesiosis --- Nantucket Island --- epidemiology --- ecology --- human risk --- European babesiosis --- Babesia divergens --- Babesia venatorum --- Ixodes ricinus --- parasite identity --- clinical cases --- diagnosis --- treatment --- Babesia --- diversity --- phylogenetic analysis --- blood transfusion --- prevention --- screening --- aspartyl protease --- plasmepsin --- apicomplexa --- piroplasmida --- BmIPA48 --- BMR1_03g00960 --- piroplasmid rhoptry-associated protein-1 (pRAP-1) --- ticks --- Babesia sp. --- biological cycle --- experimental transmission --- experimental models --- Ixodes scapularis --- climate --- global warming --- Babesia sp. MO1 --- Babesia capreoli --- rap-1a --- ama-1 --- phylogeny --- sickle-cell anemia --- hemolysis --- haemoglobinopathies --- immunoepidemiology --- case surveillance --- therapeutic drugs --- peptidases --- antibody-based assays --- nucleic acid tests --- multiplex detection --- next generation sequencing --- glycosylphosphatidylinositol --- protein structure --- antigen --- host blood analysis --- fallow deer --- ixodid ticks --- piroplasm --- red deer --- Theileria --- Babesia bovis --- Babesia bigemina --- Colombia --- n/a --- in vitro culture --- erythrocytes --- DMEM-F12 --- virulence
Choose an application
Babesiosis, caused by tick-transmitted intraerythrocytic parasites (Babesia spp.), occurs worldwide. The disease mainly affects livestock, but records of infections in humans are increasing, and the disease is considered to be emerging worldwide. This book provides a comprehensive and holistic view of Babesia species that can infect humans. Numerous experts analyze, in detail, basic aspects of the biology of Babesia, the pathology of the babesiosis highlighting the pathogenesis of babesiosis in sickle cell, the eco-epidemiology of tick vectors and the impact of climate change on them, the current status, and future prospects for laboratory diagnosis and measures to prevent transfusion transmission. The book also focused on unidentified Babesia parasites that continue to emerge, most likely from wildlife, for which neither tick vector species nor vertebrate reservoir host species are currently known. Lastly, current and new therapies for infected patients, in vitro and in vivo culture systems for antibabesial evaluation and measures to prevent infections are also considered.
Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- babesiosis --- Babesia microti --- Babesia duncani --- parasite --- therapy --- atovaquone --- endochin-like quinolones (ELQs) --- human babesiosis --- Nantucket Island --- epidemiology --- ecology --- human risk --- European babesiosis --- Babesia divergens --- Babesia venatorum --- Ixodes ricinus --- parasite identity --- clinical cases --- diagnosis --- treatment --- Babesia --- diversity --- phylogenetic analysis --- blood transfusion --- prevention --- screening --- aspartyl protease --- plasmepsin --- apicomplexa --- piroplasmida --- BmIPA48 --- BMR1_03g00960 --- piroplasmid rhoptry-associated protein-1 (pRAP-1) --- ticks --- Babesia sp. --- biological cycle --- experimental transmission --- experimental models --- Ixodes scapularis --- climate --- global warming --- Babesia sp. MO1 --- Babesia capreoli --- rap-1a --- ama-1 --- phylogeny --- sickle-cell anemia --- hemolysis --- haemoglobinopathies --- immunoepidemiology --- case surveillance --- therapeutic drugs --- peptidases --- antibody-based assays --- nucleic acid tests --- multiplex detection --- next generation sequencing --- glycosylphosphatidylinositol --- protein structure --- antigen --- host blood analysis --- fallow deer --- ixodid ticks --- piroplasm --- red deer --- Theileria --- Babesia bovis --- Babesia bigemina --- Colombia --- in vitro culture --- erythrocytes --- DMEM-F12 --- virulence --- babesiosis --- Babesia microti --- Babesia duncani --- parasite --- therapy --- atovaquone --- endochin-like quinolones (ELQs) --- human babesiosis --- Nantucket Island --- epidemiology --- ecology --- human risk --- European babesiosis --- Babesia divergens --- Babesia venatorum --- Ixodes ricinus --- parasite identity --- clinical cases --- diagnosis --- treatment --- Babesia --- diversity --- phylogenetic analysis --- blood transfusion --- prevention --- screening --- aspartyl protease --- plasmepsin --- apicomplexa --- piroplasmida --- BmIPA48 --- BMR1_03g00960 --- piroplasmid rhoptry-associated protein-1 (pRAP-1) --- ticks --- Babesia sp. --- biological cycle --- experimental transmission --- experimental models --- Ixodes scapularis --- climate --- global warming --- Babesia sp. MO1 --- Babesia capreoli --- rap-1a --- ama-1 --- phylogeny --- sickle-cell anemia --- hemolysis --- haemoglobinopathies --- immunoepidemiology --- case surveillance --- therapeutic drugs --- peptidases --- antibody-based assays --- nucleic acid tests --- multiplex detection --- next generation sequencing --- glycosylphosphatidylinositol --- protein structure --- antigen --- host blood analysis --- fallow deer --- ixodid ticks --- piroplasm --- red deer --- Theileria --- Babesia bovis --- Babesia bigemina --- Colombia --- in vitro culture --- erythrocytes --- DMEM-F12 --- virulence
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