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Major technological advances in genomics have made it possible to identify critical genetic alterations in cancer, rendering oncology well along the path to “personalised cancer medicine”. Thanks to developments in genetics, several mutations and gene rearrangements have been identified in patients with endocrine cancers (e.g., thyroid and adrenocortical carcinoma). In particular, each patient can be considered as a unique, individual one, with unique genetic information. The aim of this Special Issue is to offer an overview of exciting new research in the area of endocrine tumours may set the stage for an innovative personalised management and precision medicine modalities for individualised care.New affordable individual genomic analyses, as well as the opportunity to test new compounds in primary cells may allow a personalised management of patients with endocrine malignancies. This approach may improve the prediction of clinical outcome and therapeutic effectiveness, as well as help to avoid the use of ineffective drugs. However, further efforts are needed to obtain an adjustment of clinical management in patients with endocrine cancers that would rely solely or in great part on genetic information. This Special Issue includes basic, translational, and clinical papers on personalised medicine in endocrine malignancies (i.e., thyroid and adrenal), especially focusing on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel drug targets or targeted treatments, including eventual clinical trials.

papillary thyroid cancer --- SUV PET/CT --- BRAF V600E --- immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) --- ipilimumab --- nivolumab --- prolactinoma --- Cushing’s disease --- aggressive pituitary tumor --- aggressive PitNET --- aggressive pituitary adenoma --- pituitary carcinoma --- adrenocortical cancer --- adrenal adenomas --- adrenal tumors --- p53 --- p27 --- ki-67 --- reticulin --- mitotane --- adjuvant treatment --- recurrence --- recurrence free survival --- timing --- intratumoral heterogeneity --- thyroid tumor --- BRAF --- RET/PTC rearrangements --- RAS mutation --- adrenal cortex --- carcinoma --- angiogenesis --- gene expression --- osteopontin --- hyaluronan synthase 1 --- multikinase inhibitors --- sorafenib --- lenvatinib --- differentiated thyroid cancer --- radioiodine resistance --- predictive marker --- predictors --- response to treatment --- survival --- information needs and preferences --- focus group interview --- personalized medicine --- neuroendocrine tumours --- phaeochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- molecular clusters --- n/a --- Cushing's disease

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In the last few decades, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has distinguished itself as one of the most rapidly advancing spectroscopic techniques. Mainly known as an analytical tool useful for sample characterization and content quantification, NIR spectroscopy is essential in various other fields, e.g. NIR imaging techniques in biophotonics, medical applications or used for characterization of food products. Its contribution in basic science and physical chemistry should be noted as well, e.g. in exploration of the nature of molecular vibrations or intermolecular interactions. One of the current development trends involves the miniaturization and simplification of instrumentation, creating prospects for the spread of NIR spectrometers at a consumer level in the form of smartphone attachments—a breakthrough not yet accomplished by any other analytical technique. A growing diversity in the related methods and applications has led to a dispersion of these contributions among disparate scientific communities. The aim of this Special Issue was to bring together the communities that may perceive NIR spectroscopy from different perspectives. It resulted in 30 contributions presenting the latest advances in the methodologies essential in near-infrared spectroscopy in a variety of applications.

n/a --- pocket-sized spectrometer --- standard germination tests --- total hydroxycinnamic derivatives --- hyperspectral image --- quantitative analysis modeling --- tissue --- chemotherapy --- FTIR spectroscopy --- cheese --- biomeasurements --- chemometrics --- affine invariance --- rapid identification --- biodiagnosis --- bioanalytical applications --- fat --- NIRS --- pixel-wise --- paraffin-embedded --- late preterm --- maize kernel --- photonics --- hyperspectral image processing --- image processing --- colorectal cancer --- test set validation --- deep convolutional neural network --- near-infrared fluorescence --- classification --- variety discrimination --- near-infrared hyperspectral imaging --- ensemble learning --- light --- origin traceability --- Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis --- Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy --- dry matter --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- hyperspectral imaging --- FT-NIR spectroscopy --- proximal sensing --- perfusion measurements --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- stained --- carotenoids --- cellular imaging --- perturbation --- direct model transferability --- clinical classifications --- counterfeit and substandard pharmaceuticals --- hyperspectral imaging technology --- spectral imaging --- SVM --- nutritional parameters --- extra virgin olive oil --- ethanol --- osteopathy --- living cells --- object-wise --- water-mirror approach --- Chrysanthemum --- bootstrapping soft shrinkage --- FTIR --- PLS-R --- multivariate data analysis --- combination bands --- binary dragonfly algorithm --- geographical origin --- Vitis vinifera L. --- glucose --- detection --- di-(2-picolyl)amine --- non-destructive sensor --- splanchnic --- adulteration --- animal origin --- melamine --- artemether --- MicroNIR™ --- brain --- fluorescent probes --- Folin–Ciocalteu --- SCiO --- support vector machine --- anharmonic quantum mechanical calculations --- PLSR --- Zn(II) --- RMSEP --- overtones --- blackberries --- pasta/sauce blends --- FT-IR --- partial least squares calibration --- partial least squares (PLS) --- auxiliary diagnosis --- handheld near-infrared spectroscopy --- precision viticulture --- partial least squares --- seeds vitality --- freeze-damaged --- near infrared --- discriminant analysis --- corn seed --- quantum chemical calculation --- anharmonic calculation --- Trichosanthis Fructus --- moisture --- analytical spectroscopy --- Raman spectroscopy --- NIR spectroscopy --- calibration transfer --- imaging --- water --- lumefantrine --- BRAF V600E mutation --- wavelength selection --- bone cancer --- imaging visualization --- near infrared spectroscopy --- raisins --- chemometric techniques --- data fusion --- prepared slices --- Ewing sarcoma --- biomonitoring --- Rubus fructicosus --- VIS/NIR hyperspectral imaging --- combinations bands --- quantitative analysis model --- partial least square regression --- DFT calculations --- TreeBagger --- antimalarial tablets --- accelerated aging --- agriculture --- crude drugs --- spectroscopy --- rice seeds --- PLS --- isotopic substitution --- multivariate calibration --- phytoextraction --- Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy --- phenolics --- deparaffinized --- near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy --- SIMCA --- counter propagation artificial neural network --- fructose --- PLS-DA --- ultra-high performance liquid chromatography --- aquaphotomics --- support vector machine-discriminant analysis --- hier-SVM --- DNA --- NIR --- support vector machine model --- API --- principal component analysis --- Folin-Ciocalteu