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L'objectif de cette recherche doctorale est de contribuer à l'étude de propriétés tensioactives et membranaires d'esters dérivés de la glycine bétaïne. Dans ce contexte, des esters de la glycine bétaïne (des chlorures d'alkylbétaïnate : CnBC, n = 10-16) ont été obtenus en utilisant une nouvelle méthodologie de synthèse. La glycine bétaïne (activée par le chlorure de thionyle) et les alcools gras primaires ont été utilisés comme matières premières de base pour la synthèse par voie chimique des CnBC. Quelques paramètres d'optimisation de la synthèse ont été étudiés, tels que la nature du solvant organique, la température, le rapport molaire de réactants et la concentration de ces derniers dans le milieu réactionnel. Ensuite, les propriétés tensioactives et membranaires des CnBC ont été caractérisées en utilisant quelques techniques instrumentales telles que la Balance à film de Langmuir, la Calorimétrie de Titration Isotherme, la Spectrométrie de fluorescence et les mesures du potentiel zêta et de la taille des particules. Le chlorure d'hexadécylbétaïnate (C16BC) a été synthétisé avec un meilleur rendement dans les conditions suivantes : absence de catalyseur/base, un solvant de polarité moyenne (le méthyl-2-butanol-2), une température de 45°C, un rapport molaire dichlorure de bétaïnyle/1-hexadecanol de 3/1 et une concentration en réactants de 0,132 mol/L. Le chlorure de décylbétaïnate (C10BC), le chlorure de dodécylbétaïnate (C12BC) et le chlorure de tétradécylbétaînate (C14BC) ont été obtenus en utilisant les conditions optimales de synthèse de C16BC. Concernant l'organisation interfaciale des CnBC, le C10BC et le C12BC n'ont pas formé de monocouches insolubles à l'interface air-eau à 20°C comparativement à leurs homologues, le C14BC et le C16BC. L'étude de la monocouche de C16BC dans les conditions variées de la sous-phase aqueuse a montré que le pH et les anions monovalents (OHˉ, Brˉ, NO3ˉ, ClO4ˉ) n'ont pas influencé le comportement de la monocouche comparativement à celle dans l'eau avec le Clˉ comme contre-ion tandis que la température au-delà de 25°C, les anions divalents (HPO42-, SO42-) ainsi que la force ionique du sulfate de sodium (Na2SO4) l'ont influencé en ce qui concerne l'aire d'occupation des molécules à l'interface. Les interactions entre les CnBC et les membranes modèles ont montré que dans l'eau, les CnBC, indépendamment de la longueur de la chaîne alkyle, ont fortement pénétré dans les monocouches formées de lipides chargés négativement (dipalmitoylphosphatidylsérine et acide dipalmitoylphosphatidique) tandis que leur pénétration a été moyenne et faible dans les monocouches formées de lipides avec tête polaire petite (dipalmitoylphosphatidyléthanolamine et cholestérol, CHOL) et de lipide avec tête polaire volumineuse (palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine, POPC), respectivement. Dans le tampon salin, l'adsorption de C16BC à l'interface air-eau et sur les surfaces des monocouches lipidiques a été instantanée, et dans tous les cas, son pouvoir pénétrant a été au dessus de la pression présumée des membranes biologiques. Le C16BC a formé des mélanges miscibles et stables avec le POPC et la sphingomyéline tandis qu'un comportement presque idéal a été observé pour ses mélanges avec le CHOL. Une affinité du C16BC pour la membrane bicouche contenant le CHOL a été également observée. L'adsorption des CnBC sur les surfaces des bicouches a été fonction de la longueur de la chaîne alkyle. Le C10BC, le C14BC et le C16BC n'ont pas significativement perturbé les membranes même à des concentrations élevées en TA comparativement au C12BC qui les a fortement perturbées sans pour autant les solubiliser. Dans tous les cas, des particules de charge positive et de taille supérieure à celle des membranes bicouches préparées ont été formées en présence de quantités élevées des CnBC.
membranes --- membranes --- Esters --- Esters --- Surfactants --- Surfactants --- Betaine. --- Betaine --- Surface tension --- Surface tension
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Sugarbeet juice --- Sugarbeet juice --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- Alcoholic fermentation --- Betaine. --- Betaine --- Raffinose --- Raffinose --- Saponins --- Saponins --- pH --- pH --- Chromatography --- Chromatography
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Lactobacillus --- Lactobacillus --- Osmotic pressure --- Osmotic pressure --- physiological functions --- physiological functions --- Stress --- Stress --- Drying --- Drying --- Carnitine --- Carnitine --- Lactobacillus plantarum --- Lactobacillus plantarum --- Betaine. --- Betaine
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Choline --- Betaine --- Food --- Analysis --- Composition --- Analysis. --- Composition. --- Chemistry of food --- Food, Chemistry of --- Foods --- Primitive societies --- Dinners and dining --- Home economics --- Table --- Cooking --- Diet --- Dietaries --- Gastronomy --- Nutrition --- Abromine --- Acidin-pepsin --- Alpha-Earleine --- Betaine hydrochloride --- Cystadane --- Glycine betaine --- Glycinebetaine --- Glycocoll betaine --- Glycylbetaine --- Hepastyl --- Jortaine --- Loramine AMB 13 --- Lycine --- Novobetaine --- Oxyneurine --- Rubrine C --- Stea-16 --- Trimethylaminoacetic acid --- Trimethylbetaine --- Trimethylglycine --- Trimethylglycocoll --- Alkaloids --- Cholein --- Biogenic amines --- Vitamin B complex --- Chemistry
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Protéine --- proteins --- Listeria monocytogenes --- Osmose --- Osmosis --- Métabolisme --- Metabolism --- Peptide --- peptides --- Physiologie --- Physiology --- Escherichia coli --- Préservation --- Preservation --- Antibiotique --- antibiotics --- Lactobacillus --- Résistance aux produits chimiques --- Resistance to chemicals --- Carnitine --- Bétaïne --- Betaine --- Nisine --- Nisin --- Bactériocine --- Bacteriocins --- 579.869.1 --- 664.019 --- Listeria --- Faults and defects of preserved foodstuffs. Food contamination. Contaminants --- Theses --- 664.019 Faults and defects of preserved foodstuffs. Food contamination. Contaminants --- 579.869.1 Listeria --- Preservation. --- Betaine. --- Listeria plantarum --- Pedicoccus
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Prairies --- Prairies --- Feed grasses --- Feed grasses --- Betaine. --- Betaine --- Carbohydrates --- Carbohydrates --- Storage organs --- Storage organs --- Stress --- Stress --- Salinity --- Salinity --- Drought resistance --- Drought resistance --- nitrogen fertilizers --- nitrogen fertilizers --- Soil water regimes --- Soil water regimes --- Yield components --- Yield components --- Dry matter content --- Dry matter content
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Polymers --- Supramolecular chemistry --- Oligomers --- Polymères --- Chimie supramoléculaire --- Oligomères --- Organic Chemistry --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Oligomers. --- Polymers. --- Supramolecular chemistry. --- Betaïne. --- Cyclodextrine. --- Dendrimeren. --- Oligomeren. --- Polymeren. --- Vloeibare kristallen. --- Betaïne. --- Polymere --- Polymeride --- Polymers and polymerization --- Chemistry. --- Organic chemistry. --- Biochemistry. --- Polymer Sciences. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Macromolecules --- Organic chemistry --- Physical sciences --- Composition --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Polymers .
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A trillion different microbial species have been evolving for some 3.5 billion years, producing ever more complex active secondary metabolites. The sea is a cauldron of a great diversity of useful and valuable compounds. This Special Issue focused on studies of marine microbe natural products for discovering compounds useful to humankind. Papers were collected that provide up-to-date information regarding the characterization of marine microbes’ metabolic diversity and the evaluation of the therapeutic potential of marine microbes’ metabolites. Most of the articles in this book deal with marine fungi, biological and chemical diversity, and their active metabolites. This may be a sign that marine fungi have been under studied to date and are perceived by many researchers as an important source of discovery in this field. A best practices guide for the isolation of marine fungi from different matrixes and their conservation is also presented. The comparison of the phylogenetic and metabolomic profiles of microalgae from different lineages provides novel insights into the potential of chemotaxonomy in marine phytoplankton, showing a good overlap of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic signals.
thiodiketopiperazines --- Geosmithia pallida --- deep-sea-derived fungus --- antioxidant --- biological control --- ecological role --- gentisyl alcohol --- multi-gene phylogeny --- tyrosinase inhibition --- marine fungi --- isolation --- culturing --- identification --- natural products --- secondary metabolites --- isocoumarin --- tryptamine --- Botryosphaeria ramose --- antifungal activity --- carotenoids --- optimization --- red yeast --- Rhodotorula sp. --- marine-derived Aspergillus fumigatus --- spiro-heterocyclic γ-lactam --- cephalimysins --- ophiobolins --- marine fungus --- Aspergillus flocculosus --- anti-proliferation --- biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) --- indole-diketopiperazine --- Penicillium brasilianum --- cytotoxicities --- fungal community --- phylogenetic analysis --- saltwork --- tidal flat --- chemotaxonomy --- phylogeny --- mamiellales --- galactolipids --- betaine lipids --- xanthophylls --- n/a
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From birth to first calving, the replacement heifer undergoes tremendous changes anatomically as well as in feeding and management practices. The calf changes from being a pseudo-monogastric to a full ruminant within a period of two months. During the same period, the calf is fed colostrum, milk, or milk replacer, and starter with or without hay. Notably, the lifetime milk production and health of a dairy cow is highly dependent on early life nutrition and management of the calf and, subsequently, the heifer. Hence, animal scientists continue to investigate critical areas such as colostrum feeding, the level of liquid feeding, gut microbial succession, energy and protein levels, housing, health management, and their interactions with the animal in an effort to help dairy producers raise successful and sustainable dairy enterprises.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- betaine --- dairy cows --- newborn calves --- fat mobilization --- immunity --- calf --- glutamine --- autophagy --- apoptosis --- calf economics --- replacement --- ADG --- cost per kg --- calves --- rumen --- epithelium --- microbiota --- diet --- feed additives --- feeding management --- dairy calf --- involuntary culling --- mortality --- replacement heifer --- survival rate --- amino acid pattern --- Holstein heifers --- lysine --- methionine --- threonine --- heat stress --- yak calf --- early weaning --- caecal microbiota --- 16S rRNA gene sequencing --- growth performance --- heifer --- bull --- Simmental --- fattening --- management --- carcass and meat quality --- weaning age --- Holstein calves --- growth --- milk replacer --- metabolism --- development --- body condition score --- peripartum --- primiparous dairy cow --- pair housing --- individual housing --- behavior --- dairy calf feeding --- health --- welfare --- nutrition --- stakeholder attitudes --- forage --- performance --- rumen fermentation
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From birth to first calving, the replacement heifer undergoes tremendous changes anatomically as well as in feeding and management practices. The calf changes from being a pseudo-monogastric to a full ruminant within a period of two months. During the same period, the calf is fed colostrum, milk, or milk replacer, and starter with or without hay. Notably, the lifetime milk production and health of a dairy cow is highly dependent on early life nutrition and management of the calf and, subsequently, the heifer. Hence, animal scientists continue to investigate critical areas such as colostrum feeding, the level of liquid feeding, gut microbial succession, energy and protein levels, housing, health management, and their interactions with the animal in an effort to help dairy producers raise successful and sustainable dairy enterprises.
betaine --- dairy cows --- newborn calves --- fat mobilization --- immunity --- calf --- glutamine --- autophagy --- apoptosis --- calf economics --- replacement --- ADG --- cost per kg --- calves --- rumen --- epithelium --- microbiota --- diet --- feed additives --- feeding management --- dairy calf --- involuntary culling --- mortality --- replacement heifer --- survival rate --- amino acid pattern --- Holstein heifers --- lysine --- methionine --- threonine --- heat stress --- yak calf --- early weaning --- caecal microbiota --- 16S rRNA gene sequencing --- growth performance --- heifer --- bull --- Simmental --- fattening --- management --- carcass and meat quality --- weaning age --- Holstein calves --- growth --- milk replacer --- metabolism --- development --- body condition score --- peripartum --- primiparous dairy cow --- pair housing --- individual housing --- behavior --- dairy calf feeding --- health --- welfare --- nutrition --- stakeholder attitudes --- forage --- performance --- rumen fermentation
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