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Axonal Transport --- immunology. --- physiology.

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Cerebral dominance. --- Axonal transport. --- Laterality. --- Dominance cérébrale --- Flux axonal --- Latéralité

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Recent years have witnessed striking advances in research on axons at a cellular level that substantially impact our current understanding of axonal biology. Newer findings and their ramifications are critically reviewed in the 16 chapters of this volume by authors highly qualified by virtue of their scientific contributions to research areas they know and write about. Five basic areas (I to V) germane to axonal biology are highlighted, beginning with (I) signaling interactions mediating myelination, and differentiation of axonal membrane domains; (IIa) issues surrounding organization and transport dynamics of neurofilaments in axons, (IIb) mechanisms regulating microtubule organization and dynamics, misregulation of which causes axonal degeneration, and (IIc) the roles actin binding proteins play in regulating organization and functions of the actin filament system in mature and growing axons; (IIIa) myosin motor proteins and cargoes intrinsic to the axon compartment, (IIIb) mitochondrial transport motors, and imperatives governing transport dynamics and directional delivery, (IIIc) mechanisms mediating retrograde signaling associated with NGF’s role in trophic-dependent neuronal survival, and (IIId) potential for impaired subcellular targeting of a -synuclein as a mechanism for accumulation of Lewy body inclusions in synucleinopathies; (IVa) occurrence and organization of discrete ribosome-containing domains in axons, (IVb) endogenous mRNAs, classes of proteins translated locally, and RNP trafficking in axons, (IVc) importance of locally synthesized nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins for maintenance, function and survival of axons, (IVd) occurrence of RNA trafficking from glial cells to axons, and significance glial RNA transcripts may play in expression in axons and axon terminals, (IVe) RNA trafficking and localization of RNA transcripts in axonal growth cones, and signaling pathways that modulate local protein synthesis for directional elongation, and (IVf) genetic and molecular defects underlying spinal muscular atrophy, and roles that SMN gene product plays as a molecular chaperone in mRNA transport and translation; (Va) injury-induced local synthesis of a protein forming a retrograde signaling complex in axons to stimulate regeneration, and (Vb) endogenous and exogenous factors that condition axonal regenerative capacity in PNS and CNS, including injury-induced activation of specific genes governing regeneration. Emergent complexities revealed in this volume compel a major revision in the traditional conceptual model of the axon’s intrinsic makeup and capacities.

Axonal transport. --- Axons -- Physiology. --- Axons. --- Axons --- Axonal transport --- Physiology --- Axonal Transport --- Cytoplasmic Streaming --- Neurons --- Cell Surface Extensions --- Nerve Fibers --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Cells --- Cellular Structures --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Biological Transport --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Anatomy --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Metabolism --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Nervous System --- Metabolic Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Neuroscience --- Cytology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physiology. --- Nerve axons --- Axonal flow --- Axoplasmic flow --- Axoplasmic transport --- Flow, Axoplasmic --- Neuroplasmic flow --- Transport, Axonal --- Life sciences. --- Neurochemistry. --- Biochemistry. --- Cell biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Cell Biology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological transport --- Protoplasmic streaming --- Cytology. --- Biochemistry --- Neurosciences --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cytologists --- Composition

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This collection of review articles authored by international experts pulls together current information about the role of mitochondria in aging and diseases of aging. Mitochondria are vitally important cellular organelles and undergo their own aging process becoming less efficient in aged animals including humans. These changes have wide-ranging significance contributing to immune dysfunction (autoimmunity and immune deficiency), inflammation, delayed healing, skin and retinal damage, cancer and most of the degenerative diseases of aging. Mitochondrial aging predisposes to drug toxicity in the geriatric population and to many of the features of normal aging. The research detailed in this book summarizes current understanding of the role of mitochondria in the complex molecular changes of aging, moving on to specific diseases of aging. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important target for development of treatments for aging and disease. The last article details how exercise is a treatment and combats many features of the aging process.

age-related diseases --- n/a --- sphingolipids --- glaucoma --- ALS --- neurodegeneration --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- adaptive immunity --- senescence --- de-emergence --- innate immunity --- cell danger response --- mitochondrial transfer --- axonal transport --- cytokines --- mitochondrial --- age-related macular degeneration --- prevention --- heart failure --- purinergic signaling --- autophagy --- Alzheimer’s disease --- diabetic retinopathy --- proteostasis --- 1 --- immunosenescence --- Miro1 --- ROS --- metabolism --- optic nerve --- polypharmacy --- eIF2? --- Parkin --- coenzyme Q10 --- neurodegenerative disease --- DNA damage --- skin --- exercise --- nucleotide metabolism --- pasteur effect --- stress response --- inflammation --- retina --- drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity --- neuroinflammation --- exosomes --- reactive oxygen species --- 25(OH)D --- cardiomyopathy --- crabtree effect --- insulin resistance --- cardiovascular disease --- ageing --- genetic mutations --- metabokines --- mitochondria --- multiple sclerosis --- aerobic --- healing cycle --- SOD1 --- mitophagy --- PINK1 --- type 2 diabetes --- integrated cell stress response --- morbidity and mortality --- ultraviolet --- photoageing --- cancer --- aging --- 25(OH)2D --- lysosome --- NAD+ --- Parkinson’s disease --- Alzheimer's disease --- Parkinson's disease

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This compilation focuses on recent advances in the molecular and cellular understandingof neuromuscular biology, and the treatment of neuromuscular disease.These advances are at the forefront of modern molecular methodologies, oftenintegrating across wet-lab cell and tissue models, dry-lab computational approaches,and clinical studies. The continuing development and application ofmultiomics methods offer particular challenges and opportunities in the field,not least in the potential for personalized medicine.

LMNA --- Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy --- Omics --- ALS --- MND --- ALS variants --- genotype–phenotype --- ALS genes --- FSHD --- DUX4 --- transcription --- muscle --- regulation --- spinal muscular atrophy --- adult patients --- disease heterogeneity --- Nusinersen --- disease modifiers --- functional outcomes --- biomarkers --- epigenetic changes --- -omics approaches --- oxidative stress --- mitochondria dysfunction --- axonal transport --- autophagy --- endocytosis --- secretion --- excitotoxicity --- RNA metabolism --- Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) --- exon-skipping therapies --- next-generation sequencing (NGS) --- Sanger sequencing --- multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) --- multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) --- comparative genomic hybridization array (CGH) --- viltolarsen --- eteplirsen --- golodirsen --- rheumatoid arthritis --- SNP --- DMARD --- methotrexate --- pharmacogenomics --- Duchenne muscular dystrophy --- pharmacodynamic biomarkers --- prednisone --- deflazacort --- glucocorticoids --- corticosteroids --- safety --- neuromuscular diseases --- translational research --- disease models --- precision medicine --- miRNA --- proteomics --- calprotectin --- dystrophy --- Becker muscular dystrophy --- dystrophinopathy --- genotype-phenotype correlations --- Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry --- reading frame rule --- dystrophin --- multiple logistic regression analysis --- exon skipping therapy --- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis --- machine learning --- genome-wide association studies --- GWAS --- genomics --- ALS pathology --- gene prioritization --- AAV --- genetic neuromuscular disorders --- gene therapy --- clinical trials --- toxicity --- SMA --- DMD --- XLMTM --- facioscapulohumeral dystrophy --- TALEN --- CRISPR-Cas9 --- gene editing --- polyadenylation --- D4Z4 --- duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) --- becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) --- exon skipping --- skip-equivalent deletions --- n/a --- Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy --- genotype-phenotype