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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- Psychiatry --- glutamate --- NMDA --- schizophrenia --- depression --- Alzheimer's disease --- autoimmune encephalitis --- autism --- addiction --- glutamate --- NMDA --- schizophrenia --- depression --- Alzheimer's disease --- autoimmune encephalitis --- autism --- addiction

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

glutamate --- NMDA --- schizophrenia --- depression --- Alzheimer's disease --- autoimmune encephalitis --- autism --- addiction

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Over the last years it has become evident that many neurological diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are induced by a specific adaptive immune response directed against molecules expressed on CNS-resident cells. Well-recognized examples are anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis which is characterized by the presence of antibodies against neuron-expressed NMDAR, or neuromyelitis optica (NMO), induced by antibodies to astrocyte-expressed aquaporin-4. Many more examples exist, and antibodies, and T or/and B cells have increasingly been associated with CNS disease. Often the symptoms of these diseases have not been typically reported to have an immune aetiology. Beside classical neurological symptoms like ataxia, vision disturbance, and motor or sensory symptoms, these can include cognitive disturbances, behavioral abnormalities, or/and epileptic seizures. Although much has been learned regarding the pathophysiology of prototypic examples of these disorders, there are still major gaps in our understanding of their biology. This may be due to the fact that they are rare diseases, and their therapies are still very limited. This research topic includes contributions addressing the analysis of the adaptive immune response driving disease including target antigens, molecular epitope mapping, and factors involved in the disease pathogenesis such as complement activation cascades, genetic and genomic regulation, as well as environmental triggers. Diagnostic criteria and methods, and treatment are also discussed. The overall aim of the volume is to review progress in our pathophysiological understanding of immune-mediated CNS disorders in order to advance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and ultimately improve outcomes for patients.

autoimmune encephalitis --- autophagy --- aquaporin-4 --- multiple sclerosis --- neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder --- T cell --- thyroid gland --- B cells --- NMDA receptor --- myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

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Apheresis refers to an extracorporeal therapy which aims at removing pathological constituents from the patients’ blood. Due to the development of new techniques as well as the discovery of novel autoimmune antibodies, it is increasingly recognized as an important therapeutic option for a variety of autoimmune-mediated neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune encephalitis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and many others. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) constitutes the standard method of apheresis for most indications, while immunoadsorption (IA) offers a more specific, low-risk alternative. Both methods aim at removing auto-antibodies from the blood. Evidence for most neurological diseases is still low. Interestingly, more recent developments suggest that apheresis is not limited to the removal of autoantibodies but may also be useful in neurodegenerative and possibly even in acute vascular disorders.

Medicine --- immunoadsorption --- acute relapsing multiple sclerosis --- plasma exchange --- therapeutic apheresis --- multiple sclerosis --- optic neuritis --- relapse --- class IV --- steroids --- Alzheimer's clinical syndrome --- dementia --- autoantibodies --- α1-Adrenergic receptor --- Inflammatory neuropathy --- chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy --- Guillain-Barré syndrome --- paranodal antibodies --- plasmapheresis --- Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome --- ß2 adrenoreceptor autoantibody --- autoimmune encephalitis --- limbic encephalitis --- NMDAR (N-Methyl-D-Aspartat) --- antibody --- paraneoplastic --- apheresis --- therapeutic plasma exchange --- neurological diseases --- CRP --- stroke --- inflammation --- immunoadsorption --- acute relapsing multiple sclerosis --- plasma exchange --- therapeutic apheresis --- multiple sclerosis --- optic neuritis --- relapse --- class IV --- steroids --- Alzheimer's clinical syndrome --- dementia --- autoantibodies --- α1-Adrenergic receptor --- Inflammatory neuropathy --- chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy --- Guillain-Barré syndrome --- paranodal antibodies --- plasmapheresis --- Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome --- ß2 adrenoreceptor autoantibody --- autoimmune encephalitis --- limbic encephalitis --- NMDAR (N-Methyl-D-Aspartat) --- antibody --- paraneoplastic --- apheresis --- therapeutic plasma exchange --- neurological diseases --- CRP --- stroke --- inflammation

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Designing immunotherapeutics, drugs, and anti-inflammatory reagents has been at the forefront of autoimmune research, in particular multiple sclerosis, for over 20 years. Delivery methods that are used to modulate effective and long-lasting immune responses have been the major focus. This Special Issue focused on delivery methods to be used for vaccines, immunotherapeutic approaches, drug design, and anti-inflammatories and their outcomes in preclinical studies and clinical trials.

Medicine --- multiple sclerosis --- inflammation --- oxidative --- biomarker --- sample size --- autoimmune encephalitis --- plasma exchange --- autoimmunity --- immunotherapeutics --- clinical outcomes --- major depression --- bupropion --- S-adenosylmethionine --- vitamin D3 --- yoga --- craniopharyngioma --- fractionated stereotactic radiation treatments --- sphenoid sinusitis --- cranial nerve-VI palsy --- autoimmune diseases --- immune thrombocytopenic purpura --- alemtuzumab --- antibodies against GluR3 peptide --- cognitive impairment --- diagnosis --- neuropsychological assessment --- short intracortical inhibition --- intracortical facilitation --- fampridine --- walking disability --- TSPAN32 --- tetraspanins --- cellular immunity --- memory T cells --- tDCS --- neuroimaging --- positron emission tomography --- cerebral blood flow --- probiotics --- Streptococcus thermophilus --- ST285 --- MBP83–99 peptide --- mannan --- immune modulation --- agonist peptide --- gut microbiome --- gut–brain axis --- metagenomics --- disease-modifying treatments --- MS --- vaccine --- immunomodulation --- carriers --- B cell receptor --- delivery methods --- immunotherapy --- monoclonal antibodies --- T cell receptor --- tolerance --- diagnostic markers --- immunoglobulins --- kappa --- free light chains --- antigen-specific immunotherapies --- tolerogenic vaccines --- tolerance induction --- central nervous system --- myelin peptides --- myelin basic protei --- proteolipid protein --- myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein --- nanotechnology --- drug delivery nanosystems --- lipids --- polymers --- vaccines --- nanoparticles --- antigen-specific immunotherapy --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis --- neurodegeneration --- chloroquine --- EAE --- dendritic cells --- microglia --- astrocytes --- oligodendrocytes --- conformational analysis --- peptides --- altered peptide ligands --- NMR spectroscopy --- NOE-constraints --- molecular dynamic --- trimolecular complex --- Multiple Sclerosis --- early-onset --- adult-onset --- Human Leucocyte Antigens --- immunogenetics --- clinical phenotype --- clinical outcome --- therapeutics --- antibody detection --- ELISA --- multivalency --- N-glucosylated peptide epitopes --- peptide --- conjugation --- MOG35-55 --- Graphite/SiO2 electrode --- voltammetry --- HPLC --- MS drugs --- multiple sclerosis --- inflammation --- oxidative --- biomarker --- sample size --- autoimmune encephalitis --- plasma exchange --- autoimmunity --- immunotherapeutics --- clinical outcomes --- major depression --- bupropion --- S-adenosylmethionine --- vitamin D3 --- yoga --- craniopharyngioma --- fractionated stereotactic radiation treatments --- sphenoid sinusitis --- cranial nerve-VI palsy --- autoimmune diseases --- immune thrombocytopenic purpura --- alemtuzumab --- antibodies against GluR3 peptide --- cognitive impairment --- diagnosis --- neuropsychological assessment --- short intracortical inhibition --- intracortical facilitation --- fampridine --- walking disability --- TSPAN32 --- tetraspanins --- cellular immunity --- memory T cells --- tDCS --- neuroimaging --- positron emission tomography --- cerebral blood flow --- probiotics --- Streptococcus thermophilus --- ST285 --- MBP83–99 peptide --- mannan --- immune modulation --- agonist peptide --- gut microbiome --- gut–brain axis --- metagenomics --- disease-modifying treatments --- MS --- vaccine --- immunomodulation --- carriers --- B cell receptor --- delivery methods --- immunotherapy --- monoclonal antibodies --- T cell receptor --- tolerance --- diagnostic markers --- immunoglobulins --- kappa --- free light chains --- antigen-specific immunotherapies --- tolerogenic vaccines --- tolerance induction --- central nervous system --- myelin peptides --- myelin basic protei --- proteolipid protein --- myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein --- nanotechnology --- drug delivery nanosystems --- lipids --- polymers --- vaccines --- nanoparticles --- antigen-specific immunotherapy --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis --- neurodegeneration --- chloroquine --- EAE --- dendritic cells --- microglia --- astrocytes --- oligodendrocytes --- conformational analysis --- peptides --- altered peptide ligands --- NMR spectroscopy --- NOE-constraints --- molecular dynamic --- trimolecular complex --- Multiple Sclerosis --- early-onset --- adult-onset --- Human Leucocyte Antigens --- immunogenetics --- clinical phenotype --- clinical outcome --- therapeutics --- antibody detection --- ELISA --- multivalency --- N-glucosylated peptide epitopes --- peptide --- conjugation --- MOG35-55 --- Graphite/SiO2 electrode --- voltammetry --- HPLC --- MS drugs