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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is currently diagnosed based on a series of behavioral tests. The challenge for researchers is to try to uncover the biological basis for these typical behaviors in order to improve diagnosis and identify potential targets for treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary in order to move forward. This includes analysis of the current animal models for ASD and their suitability, reviewing immunological, immunogenetic and epigenetic research, reassessing clinical diagnostic tools, and surveying radiological, pathological, and serological records for clues. This volume includes research from some of the leading researchers on ASD. We are hopeful that it will stimulate further dialogue and research in this challenging field.

Intelligence --- Sensory Thresholds --- Autoimmune Diseases --- Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) --- HLA Antigens --- Behavior --- Genetic syndromes

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Human behavior and decision making is subject to social and motivational influences such as emotions, norms and self/other regarding preferences. The identification of the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying these factors is a central issue in psychology, behavioral economics and social neuroscience, with important clinical, social, and even political implications. However, despite a continuously growing interest from the scientific community, the processes underlying these factors, as well as their ontogenetic and phylogenetic development, have so far remained elusive. In this Research Topic we collect articles that provide challenging insights and stimulate a fruitful controversy on the question of “what determines social behavior”. Indeed, over the last decades, research has shown that introducing a social context to otherwise abstract tasks has diverse effects on social behavior. On the one hand, it may induce individuals to act irrationally, for instance to refuse money, but on the other hand it improves individuals’ reasoning, in that formerly difficult abstract problems can be easily solved. These lines of research led to distinct (although not necessarily mutually exclusive) models for socially-driven behavioral changes. For instance, a popular theoretical framework interprets human behavior as a result of a conflict between cognition and emotion, with the cognitive system promoting self-interested choices, and the emotional system (triggered by the social context) operating against them. Other theories favor social norms and deontic heuristics in biasing human reasoning and encouraging choices that are sometimes in conflict with one’s interest. Few studies attempted to disentangle between these (as well as other) models. As a consequence, although insightful results arise from specific domains/tasks, a comprehensive theoretical framework is still missing. Furthermore, studies employing neuroimaging techniques have begun to shed some light on the neural substrates involved in social behavior, implicating consistently (although not exclusively) portions of the limbic system, the insular and the prefrontal cortex. In this context, a challenge for present research lies not only in further mapping the brain structures implicated in social behavior, or in describing in detail the functional interaction between these structures, but in showing how the implicated networks relate to different theoretical models. This is Research Topic hosted by members of the Swiss National Center of Competence in Research “Affective Sciences – Emotions in Individual Behaviour and Social Processes”. We collected contributions from the international community which extended the current knowledge about the psychological and neural structures underlying social behavior and decision making. In particular, we encouraged submissions from investigators arising from different domains (psychology, behavioral economics, affective sciences, etc.) implementing different techniques (behavior, electrophysiology, neuroimaging, brain stimulations) on different populations (neurotypical adults, children, brain damaged or psychiatric patients, etc.). Animal studies are also included, as the data reported are of high comparative value. Finally, we also welcomed submissions of meta-analytical articles, mini-reviews and perspective papers which offer provocative and insightful interpretations of the recent literature in the field.

Decision Making --- Medial prefrontal cortex --- autism spectrum disorders(ASD) --- Social Behavior --- Contextual appraisal --- oxytocin receptor gene --- ultimatum game --- Emotions --- Decision Making --- Medial prefrontal cortex --- autism spectrum disorders(ASD) --- Social Behavior --- Contextual appraisal --- oxytocin receptor gene --- ultimatum game --- Emotions

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Human behavior and decision making is subject to social and motivational influences such as emotions, norms and self/other regarding preferences. The identification of the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying these factors is a central issue in psychology, behavioral economics and social neuroscience, with important clinical, social, and even political implications. However, despite a continuously growing interest from the scientific community, the processes underlying these factors, as well as their ontogenetic and phylogenetic development, have so far remained elusive. In this Research Topic we collect articles that provide challenging insights and stimulate a fruitful controversy on the question of “what determines social behavior”. Indeed, over the last decades, research has shown that introducing a social context to otherwise abstract tasks has diverse effects on social behavior. On the one hand, it may induce individuals to act irrationally, for instance to refuse money, but on the other hand it improves individuals’ reasoning, in that formerly difficult abstract problems can be easily solved. These lines of research led to distinct (although not necessarily mutually exclusive) models for socially-driven behavioral changes. For instance, a popular theoretical framework interprets human behavior as a result of a conflict between cognition and emotion, with the cognitive system promoting self-interested choices, and the emotional system (triggered by the social context) operating against them. Other theories favor social norms and deontic heuristics in biasing human reasoning and encouraging choices that are sometimes in conflict with one’s interest. Few studies attempted to disentangle between these (as well as other) models. As a consequence, although insightful results arise from specific domains/tasks, a comprehensive theoretical framework is still missing. Furthermore, studies employing neuroimaging techniques have begun to shed some light on the neural substrates involved in social behavior, implicating consistently (although not exclusively) portions of the limbic system, the insular and the prefrontal cortex. In this context, a challenge for present research lies not only in further mapping the brain structures implicated in social behavior, or in describing in detail the functional interaction between these structures, but in showing how the implicated networks relate to different theoretical models. This is Research Topic hosted by members of the Swiss National Center of Competence in Research “Affective Sciences – Emotions in Individual Behaviour and Social Processes”. We collected contributions from the international community which extended the current knowledge about the psychological and neural structures underlying social behavior and decision making. In particular, we encouraged submissions from investigators arising from different domains (psychology, behavioral economics, affective sciences, etc.) implementing different techniques (behavior, electrophysiology, neuroimaging, brain stimulations) on different populations (neurotypical adults, children, brain damaged or psychiatric patients, etc.). Animal studies are also included, as the data reported are of high comparative value. Finally, we also welcomed submissions of meta-analytical articles, mini-reviews and perspective papers which offer provocative and insightful interpretations of the recent literature in the field.

Decision Making --- Medial prefrontal cortex --- autism spectrum disorders(ASD) --- Social Behavior --- Contextual appraisal --- oxytocin receptor gene --- ultimatum game --- Emotions

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The aim of this Special Issue is to collect valuable contributions from scientists worldwide working on the role that biological, behavioral, and cognitive markers can have in predicting the onset of neuropsychiatric disorders. We were able to collect 13 original articles and two reviews on this topic. The results published in this Special Issue could provide significant support in pre-clinical phases for the identification of vulnerability factors, to better understand the course of the illness, and to predict its outcome, as well as aiding clinicians in the therapeutic decision-making process.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) --- childhood apraxia of speech --- children --- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) --- neuroanatomy --- FreeSurfer --- affective disorder --- perinatal period --- fatherhood --- prevention --- gender --- screening --- TMAU --- psychiatric disorders --- microbiota --- Attentional Boost Effect --- bipolar disorder --- euthymic patients --- recognition memory --- genetic variants --- criminal behaviour --- frequency data --- gambling disorder --- attachment --- adolescence --- friend and family interview --- forgetting --- neurotransmitter system --- psychopathologies --- mentalization --- self-report measure --- multilevel model --- integration --- assessment --- COVID-19 --- young adults --- social isolation --- psychological distress --- emotional eating --- emotional dysregulation --- depression --- nomogram --- patient health questionnaire --- multiple risk factors --- epidemiological survey --- high-risk group --- affective temperaments --- depressive disorders --- bipolar disorders --- youth --- heart rate variability --- polyvagal theory --- neurovisceral integration model --- emotional regulation --- psychopathology --- prefrontal functions --- exercise addiction --- alexithymia --- body image --- self-esteem --- COVID-19 vaccine --- vaccine acceptance --- vaccine intention --- aging --- cerebellum --- classification --- cognitive decline --- diadochokinesia --- motor control --- sensory motor performance --- time perception --- n/a

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The Identification of the Genetic Components of Autism Spectrum Disorders 2019 will serve as a resource for laboratory and clinical scientists as well as translational-based researchers, primary healthcare providers or physicians, psychologists/psychiatrists, neurologists, developmental pediatricians, clinical geneticists, and other healthcare providers, teachers, caregivers and students involved in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with the goal to translate information directly to the clinic, education and home setting. Other professionals, students and families might find this textbook of value based on better awareness, causes and understanding of genetic components leading to autism and open avenues for treatment. Genetics play a role with up to 90% of autism, with over 800 currently recognized genes contributing to causes, clinical presentation, treatment, and counseling of family members. This textbook includes 13 chapters divided into three sections (clinical, genetics, other) written by experts in the field dedicated to research and clinical care, description, treatment and generating relevant reviews for ASD and related disorders impacting gene expression, profiling, and pathways. Identification of potential risk factors will be discussed, including obesity, microbiota, malignancy, and the immune system, as well as their direct or indirect contribution to ASD treatment and causation.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Genetics (non-medical) --- autism spectrum disorders (ASD) --- cancer --- overlapping genes and gene profiling --- super-pathways --- phenotypes and diseases --- molecular functions and processes --- 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion (Burnside-Butler) syndrome --- imprinting --- parent-of-origin effects --- phenotype-genotype correlation --- autism --- developmental delays --- motor delays --- microbiome --- gut --- ProSAP2 --- Phelan McDermid Syndrome --- gut–brain interaction --- leaky gut --- IL-6 --- SHANK --- collapsin response mediator protein 4 --- autism spectrum disorder --- neurodevelopmental disorder --- whole-exome sequencing --- animal model --- sex different phenotypes --- 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 microdeletion (Burnside–Butler syndrome) --- NIPA1 --- NIPA2 --- CYFIP1 --- TUBGCP5 genes --- Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes --- magnesium transporters and supplementation --- potential treatment options --- intellectual disability --- AMPA receptors --- NMDA receptors --- guanine nucleotide exchange factor --- synaptic plasticity --- Autism spectrum disorder --- ASD --- Obesity --- Overweight --- Body mass index --- BMI --- autism candidate genes --- synaptotagmin-like protein 4 (SYTL4) --- transmembrane protein 187 (TMEM187) --- SYTL4-protein structure --- STRING-protein-protein interaction --- expression profile --- microRNA- interactions --- autism spectrum disorders --- biological networks --- genomics --- multi-omics --- network diffusion --- data integration --- genetics --- quantitative traits --- stratification by trait severity --- heterogeneity reduction --- case-control association analysis --- fragile X syndrome --- RNA toxicity --- DNA methylation --- mosaicism --- pediatrics --- MS-QMA --- AmplideX --- cytokine --- monocyte --- β-glucan --- T cell cytokine --- trained immunity --- maternal immune activation --- epigenetics --- mice --- postnatal VPA injection --- SAM --- gene expression --- nanostring --- autism spectrum disorders (ASD) --- cancer --- overlapping genes and gene profiling --- super-pathways --- phenotypes and diseases --- molecular functions and processes --- 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion (Burnside-Butler) syndrome --- imprinting --- parent-of-origin effects --- phenotype-genotype correlation --- autism --- developmental delays --- motor delays --- microbiome --- gut --- ProSAP2 --- Phelan McDermid Syndrome --- gut–brain interaction --- leaky gut --- IL-6 --- SHANK --- collapsin response mediator protein 4 --- autism spectrum disorder --- neurodevelopmental disorder --- whole-exome sequencing --- animal model --- sex different phenotypes --- 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 microdeletion (Burnside–Butler syndrome) --- NIPA1 --- NIPA2 --- CYFIP1 --- TUBGCP5 genes --- Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes --- magnesium transporters and supplementation --- potential treatment options --- intellectual disability --- AMPA receptors --- NMDA receptors --- guanine nucleotide exchange factor --- synaptic plasticity --- Autism spectrum disorder --- ASD --- Obesity --- Overweight --- Body mass index --- BMI --- autism candidate genes --- synaptotagmin-like protein 4 (SYTL4) --- transmembrane protein 187 (TMEM187) --- SYTL4-protein structure --- STRING-protein-protein interaction --- expression profile --- microRNA- interactions --- autism spectrum disorders --- biological networks --- genomics --- multi-omics --- network diffusion --- data integration --- genetics --- quantitative traits --- stratification by trait severity --- heterogeneity reduction --- case-control association analysis --- fragile X syndrome --- RNA toxicity --- DNA methylation --- mosaicism --- pediatrics --- MS-QMA --- AmplideX --- cytokine --- monocyte --- β-glucan --- T cell cytokine --- trained immunity --- maternal immune activation --- epigenetics --- mice --- postnatal VPA injection --- SAM --- gene expression --- nanostring