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World War, 1939-1945 --- Peace. --- Atlantic Charter --- Africa --- Politics and government.

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World War, 1939-1945 --- Peace. --- Atlantic Charter --- Africa --- Politics and government.

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ATLANTIC CHARTER (1941) --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Diplomatic history --- United States --- Great Britain --- Peace --- Canada --- Atlantic Charter (1941) --- World War, 1939-1945 - Diplomatic history. --- World War, 1939-1945 - United States. --- World War, 1939-1945 - Great Britain. --- World War, 1939-1945 - Peace. --- World War, 1939-1945 - Canada.

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A Most Uncertain Crusade traces and analyzes the emergence of human rights as both an international concern and as a controversial domestic issue for U.S. policy makers during and after World War II. Historian Brucken focuses on officials in the State Department, at the United Nations, and within certain domestic non-governmental organizations, and explains why, after issuing wartime declarations that called for the definition and enforcement of international human rights standards, the U.S. government refused to ratify the first U.N. treaties that fulfilled those twin purposes. The Truman and Eisenhower administrations worked to weaken the scope and enforcement mechanisms of early human rights agreements, and gradually withdrew support for Senate ratification. A small but influential group of isolationist–oriented senators, led by John Bricker (R-OH), warned that the treaties would bring about socialism, destroy white supremacy, and eviscerate the Bill of Rights. At the U.N., a growing bloc of developing nations demanded the inclusion of economic guarantees, support for decolonization, and strong enforcement measures, all of which Washington opposed. Prior to World War II, international law considered the protection of individual rights to fall largely under the jurisdiction of national governments. Alarmed by fascist tyranny and guided by a Wilsonian vision of global cooperation in pursuit of human rights, President Roosevelt issued the Four Freedoms and the Atlantic Charter. Behind the scenes, the State Department planners carefully considered how an international organization could best protect those guarantees. Their work paid off at the 1945 San Francisco Conference, which vested the U.N. with an unprecedented opportunity to define and protect the human rights of individuals. After two years of negotiations, the U.N. General Assembly unanimously approved its first human rights treaty, the Genocide Convention. The U.N. Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR), led by Eleanor Roosevelt, drafted the nonbinding Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Subsequent efforts to craft an enforceable covenant of individual rights, though, bogged down quickly. A deadlock occurred as western nations, communist states, and developing countries disagreed on the inclusion of economic and social guarantees, the right of self-determination, and plans for implementation. Meanwhile, a coalition of groups within the United States doubted the wisdom of American accession to any human rights treaties. Led by the American Bar Association and Senator Bricker, opponents proclaimed that ratification would lead to a U.N. led tyrannical world socialistic government. The backlash caused President Eisenhower to withdraw from the covenant drafting process. Brucken shows how the American human rights policy had come full circle: Eisenhower, like Roosevelt, issued statements that merely celebrated western values of freedom and democracy, criticized human rights records of other countries while at the same time postponed efforts to have the U.N. codify and enforce a list of binding rights due in part to America's own human rights violations.

Human rights --- History --- United Nations. --- United States --- Politics and government --- human rights and US policy, John Bricker, Truman administration, Eisenhower administration, Four Freedoms, Atlantic Charter, Genocide Convention, UN Commission on Human Rights, UNCHR, Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

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One of the central issues in the study of the Chinese Communist Party and its foreign policy is its relations with Moscow. Was the CCP a Chinese nationalist party antagonistic to an intrusive Soviet Union or was it rather an internationalist party with ideological-political and strategic-military ties to Moscow, faithfully adhering to Marxist-Leninist principles as well as to Stalin's policy advice? For the past two decades a number of historians have argued that the CCP was a nationalist movement and that the United States missed its opportunity to establish friendly relations because U.S. leaders were blinded by fears of an international Communist threat. In his provocative book, Michael Sheng strongly challenges this position. On the basis of extensive new information obtained from recently available Chinese sources, Sheng demonstrates that the foreign policy of the CCP under Mao Zedong did, in fact, follow the directions recommended by Joseph Stalin.

China --- Foreign relations --- Soviet Union --- United States --- Politique etrangere. --- Histoire. --- Communisme --- Imperialisme. --- Communisme. --- Aussenpolitik --- Diplomatic relations. --- HISTORY --- 15.75 history of Asia. --- Mao, Zedong. --- Mao, Zedong, --- Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovič --- Stalin, Iosif, --- Mao, Zedong --- Parti communiste chinois. --- Parti communiste chinois --- Zhongguo gong chan dang. --- Sovetskaja Associacija Meždunarodnogo Prava --- Zhong guo gong chan dang --- Zhongguo gong chan dang --- History. --- USA. --- Sowjetunion. --- États-Unis. --- URSS. --- Chine. --- URSS --- Chine --- États-Unis --- USA --- United States. --- Soviet Union. --- China. --- Relations exterieures --- Acheson, Dean. --- Amerasia Case. --- Atlantic Charter. --- Bao Erhan. --- Beitaihe railway station. --- Bell Act. --- Braun, Otto. --- Cabot, John M. --- Cessation of Hostilities Order. --- Chen Jian. --- Chen Yun. --- Confucianism. --- Currie, Lauchlin. --- Deng Liqun. --- Deng Xiaoping. --- Diplomatic Clique. --- Dong Biwu. --- Eighth Congress (CCP). --- Export-Import Bank. --- Fengtian Clique. --- Fifth Plenum. --- Foreign Affairs Group. --- GMD-Japan joint force. --- Gao Shuxun. --- Great Wall, as symbol. --- Guangxi Clique. --- Guo Moruo. --- Han people. --- He Zizheng. --- Hu Zongnan. --- Huan Xiang. --- Ichigo campaign. --- Iriye, Akira. --- Jiang Qing. --- Jiaochangkou Incident. --- Keon, Michael. --- League of Nations. --- Limin Company. --- Liu Xiao. --- Manchu people. --- March Twentieth coup. --- Marshall Plan. --- Niu Jun. --- Qiao Guanhua. --- atomic bombs. --- bandits. --- cultural nationalism. --- gratification theory. --- identification theory. --- mobile warfare. --- monkey spirit. --- neorealism. --- open door policy. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Chung-kuo kung chʻan tang --- Chūgoku Kyōsantō --- Chungguk Kongsandang --- 中国共产党 --- 中國共產黨 --- КПК --- KPK --- Komunistická strana Číny --- Komunistička partija Kine --- Communist Party of China --- Chinese Communist Party --- Communist Party (China) --- Gong chan dang (China) --- 共产党 (China) --- Коммунистическая партия Китая --- Kommunisticheskai︠a︡ partii︠a︡ Kitai︠a︡ --- Shina Kyōsantō --- Китайска комунистическа партия --- Kitaĭska komunisticheska partii︠a︡ --- Partido Comunista de China --- PCCh --- CCP --- Partito comunista cinese --- KPCh --- Kommunistische Partei Chinas --- К.П.К. --- K.P.K. --- CPC --- C.C.P. --- Partia Komuniste të Kinës --- Đảng cộng sản Trung quốc --- Zhong gong --- 中共 --- Pcc --- P.C. Chino --- ХКН --- KhKN --- Хятадын Коммунист нам --- Khi︠a︡tadyn Kommunist nam --- Chūgoku Kyōsant --- Khi͡atadyn Kommunist nam --- Kitaĭska komunisticheska partii͡ --- Kommunisticheskai͡a partii͡a Kitai͡ --- Shina Kyōsant --- PCC --- Gongchandang --- Kommunistische Partei --- Kommunističeskaja Partija Kitaja --- Communist Party --- Zhonggong-Zhongyang --- Zhongyang --- Ḥizb-i Kumūnīstī-i Čīn --- Zhong-Gong --- Chung-kuo-kung-ch'an-tang --- Zhongguo-Gongchandang --- Partei --- 1921 --- -Associacija Meždunarodnogo Prava --- Soviet Association of International Law --- Association of International Law --- Sowjetische Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht --- Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht --- Ассоциация Международного Права --- Sowjetunion --- Rossijskaja Associacija Meždunarodnogo Prava --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- Советский Союз --- Ber. ha-M. --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich --- ZSRR --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Sowieckich --- ZSRS --- Szovjetunió --- TSRS --- Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga --- SRSR --- Soi︠u︡z Radi︠a︡nsʹkykh Sot︠s︡ialistychnykh Respublik --- SSSR --- Soi︠u︡z Sovetskikh Sot︠s︡ialisticheskikh Respublik --- UdSSR --- Shūravī --- Ittiḥād-i Jamāhīr-i Ishtirākīyah-i Shūrāʼīyah --- Russia (1923- U.S.S.R.) --- Sovetskiy Soyuz --- Soyuz SSR --- Sovetskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Soi︠u︡z SSR --- Uni Sovjet --- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics --- USSR --- SSṚM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Ṛespublikaneri Miutʻyun --- SSHM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyunneri Miutʻyun --- Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas --- Berit ha-Moʻatsot --- Rusyah --- Ittiḥād al-Sūfiyītī --- Rusiyah --- Rusland --- Soṿet-Rusland --- Uni Soviet --- Union soviétique --- Zȯvlȯlt Kholboot Uls --- Związek Radziecki --- ESSD --- Sahaphāp Sōwīat --- KhSHM --- SSR Kavširi --- Russland --- SNTL --- PSRS --- Su-lien --- Sobhieṭ Ẏuniẏana --- FSSR --- Unione Sovietica --- Ittiḥād-i Shūravī --- Soviyat Yūniyan --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- ABŞ --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi︠a︡vks Shtattnė --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si︠e︡vero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- ZSA --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Америка (Republic) --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- САЩ --- Съединените щати --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- ولايات المتحدة --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- 미국 --- É.-U. --- ÉU --- Relations --- Auswärtige Angelegenheiten --- Auswärtige Politik --- Außenbeziehungen --- Politik --- Sicherheitspolitik --- Internationale Politik --- Diplomatie --- Bolchevisme --- Communisme international --- Et le communisme --- Léninisme --- Péril rouge (mythe) --- Außenpolitik --- Er shi ba hua sheng, --- Erh shih pa hua sheng, --- Ershiba hua sheng, --- Ershibahuasheng, --- Great Helmsman, --- Li, Desheng, --- Li, Te-sheng, --- Mā, Cē Tuṅ, --- Mācētuṅ, --- Mao, Ce-tung, --- Mao, Čhœ̄-tung, --- Mao, Čhœ̄tung, --- Mao, Jun-chih, --- Mao, Runzhi, --- Māʼo Sétung, --- Mao, Trạch Đông, --- Mao, Tsé Toung, --- Mao, Tse-tung, --- Mao, Tsetung, --- Mao, T͡Szė-dun, --- Mao, Tze-tung, --- Mao, Yongzhi, --- Mao, Yung-chih, --- Mao, Ze Dong, --- Mao, Zetong, --- Mao, Zhe Dong, --- Maočhœ̄tung, --- Maozedong, --- Mau, Tje-tung, --- Mau, Tze-toeng, --- Māvō, --- Māw, Tsī Tūngh, --- Mo, Tʻaek-tong, --- Mō, Taku-tō, --- Mō, Takutō, --- Shisanyazi, --- Tse-Tung, Mao, --- Tung, Mao Tse, --- Tūng, Māʼūze, --- Mao, Tsê-tung --- Mao, Czė-dun --- Mao Czė-dun --- Maŭ, Zedong --- Mao, Tse-toung --- Mao-Zedong --- Mao, Ze-dong --- Mao, Cze-Dun --- Mao, Czė-Dun --- Mao Cze-Dun --- Māvō Se Tuṅ --- Zedong, Mao --- Tse-Tung, Mao --- Tsé-tung, Mao --- Tse-Dung, Mao --- Mao, Tse-Dung --- Mao Tse-Tung --- Mao Tsé-toung --- Mā'ū Tsi Dūn --- Mao, Tse Tung --- Ma'o-rtse-tuṅ --- Ma'o-tse-tuṅ --- Mo, T'aek-tong --- Mau ze düng" --- Mau, Ze Düng --- Mao, Ze Düng --- Mao, Ze Döng --- Mao --- Mao Zedong --- Ershiba hua sheng --- Er shi ba hua sheng --- Mao, Tsetung --- Tsetung, Mao --- Mao, Tse-tung --- Mao Tse-Toung --- Mavo-kruvu-zhi --- Mao Tse-tung --- Mao, Zhuxi --- Máo, Zédōng --- Mao Tso-Tong --- Mao-Tse-Tung --- Mō Takutō --- Mō, Takutō --- 毛澤東 --- 毛, 澤東 --- 毛, 泽东 --- 二十八畵生 --- 二十八画生 --- 毛泽东 --- 毛主席 --- 毛, 沢東 --- 毛沢東 --- Politiker --- Kommunist --- Präsident --- Autor --- Lyriker --- Shaoshan --- Peking --- 23.12.1893-09.09.1976 --- 1893-1976 --- Céleste empire --- Chine (République populaire) --- Chine populaire --- Empire céleste --- Empire du Milieu --- Milieu, Empire du --- Pays BRICS --- Asie orientale --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- États-Unis --- États du Sun Belt (États-Unis) --- États-Unis (est) --- États-Unis (ouest) --- Middle West (États-Unis) --- Amérique du Nord --- 1949 --- -BNKhAU --- Chung-hua min kuo --- Jhonggu --- Khi͡atad --- Kin --- Kita --- Kitaĭskai͡a Narodnai͡a Respublika --- National Government --- Republic --- Republic of China --- Zhonghuaminguo --- Ittiḥād al-Sūfiyīt --- Ittiḥād-i Shūrav --- Russia --- Shūrav --- Soi͡uz Radi͡ansʹkykh Sot͡sialistychnykh Respublik --- Soi͡uz Sovetskikh Sot͡sialisticheskikh Respublik --- Soi͡uz SSR --- Sovetskiĭ Soi͡uz --- Szovjetuni --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- SUA --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- Nordamerika --- Amerika --- Etats Unis --- Etats-Unis --- Estados Unidos de America --- EEUU --- Vereinigte Staaten von Nordamerika --- Soedinennye Štaty Ameriki --- SŠA --- Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki Północnej --- Hēnōmenai Politeiai tēs Boreiu Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- HēPA --- Ēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- ĒPA --- Etats-Unis d'Amérique --- Amerikaner --- Konföderierte Staaten von Amerika --- Soiouz Sovetskikh sotsialistitcheskikh respoublik --- Sojuz Sovetskih Socialističeskih Respublik --- Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques --- Union soviétique --- Ex-URSS --- Pays de la CEI --- Russie --- Asie --- Europe --- Civilisation --- Conditions économiques --- Conditions sociales --- Émigration et immigration --- Étude et enseignement --- Forces armées --- Histoire --- Opinion publique étrangère --- Politique et gouvernement --- Recensement --- Relations extérieures --- Relations interethniques --- Territoires et possessions --- Divisions politiques et administratives --- Frontières --- Moeurs et coutumes --- Vie intellectuelle --- Anticommunisme --- Communautés rurales --- Totalitarisme --- Communisme et relations amoureuses --- Communisme et sports --- Communistes --- Marxisme --- Nationalisme et communisme --- Postcommunisme --- Socialisme --- Aide économique communiste --- Babouvisme --- Communisme et sionisme --- Communisme municipal --- Démocratie populaire --- Déstalinisation --- Dictature du prolétariat --- Éducation communiste --- Espionnage communiste --- Eurocommunisme --- Femmes et communisme --- Gauchisme --- Centralisme démocratique --- Leadership communiste --- Maoïsme --- Morale communiste --- Néo-babouvisme --- Partis communistes --- Procès communistes --- Propagande communiste --- Révisionnisme communiste --- Société communiste --- Stalinisme --- Communisation --- Stratégie communiste --- Syndicats et communisme --- Trotskisme --- Communisme et agriculture --- Communisme et culture --- Communisme et médias --- Communisme et relations internationales --- Communisme et religion --- Communisme et sexualité --- Collectivisme --- Idées politiques