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This text provides a comprehensive discussion of the scientific principles behind sports nutrition, including the background and rationale for current nutritional guidelines.

Sports nutritional physiological phenomena --- Athletes --- Food. --- Exercise --- Physical Fitness --- Alimentation --- Sportifs --- Athlètes --- Entraînement (sports) --- Condition physique --- physiology --- Aspect physiologique --- Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. --- Athletes. --- physiology. --- Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena --- Food --- Nutrition --- Alimentation. --- Athlètes. --- Aspect physiologique. --- Foods --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomena --- Nutritional Requirements --- Elite Athletes --- Professional Athletes --- Athlete --- Athlete, Elite --- Athlete, Professional --- Athletes, Elite --- Athletes, Professional --- Elite Athlete --- Professional Athlete --- Exercise Nutrition Physiology --- Exercise Nutritional Physiological Phenomena --- Exercise Nutritional Physiological Phenomenon --- Exercise Nutritional Physiology --- Exercise Nutritional Physiology Phenomena --- Exercise Nutritional Physiology Phenomenon --- Sports Nutrition Physiology --- Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomenon --- Sports Nutritional Physiology --- Sports Nutritional Physiology Phenomena --- Sports Nutritional Physiology Phenomenon --- Nutrition Physiology, Exercise --- Nutrition Physiology, Sports --- Nutritional Physiology, Exercise --- Nutritional Physiology, Sports --- Physiology, Exercise Nutrition --- Physiology, Exercise Nutritional --- Physiology, Sports Nutrition --- Physiology, Sports Nutritional --- Sports Nutritional Sciences --- sport --- voeding

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"In 1968, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) implemented sex testing for female athletes at that year's Games. When it became clear that testing regimes failed to delineate a sex divide, the IOC began to test for gender --a shift that allowed the organization to control the very idea of womanhood. Lindsay Parks Pieper explores sex testing in sport from the 1930s to the early 2000s. Focusing on assumptions and goals as well as means, Pieper examines how the IOC in particular insisted on a misguided binary notion of gender that privileged Western norms. Testing evolved into a tool to identify--and eliminate--athletes the IOC deemed too strong, too fast, or too successful. Pieper shows how this system punished gifted women while hindering the development of women's athletics for decades. She also reveals how the flawed notions behind testing--ideas often sexist, racist, or ridiculous--degraded the very idea of female athleticism"-- "To assess the long-lasting significance of sex testing in sport, this book explores its history, from the 1930s to the early 2000s, with particular emphasis on the International Olympic Committee's mandated compulsory sex checks on all female competitors. In 1968 the Medical Commission implemented the first test of the modern Olympic Movement. The procedure intended to guarantee the authenticity of Olympic competitors and identify male masqueraders, as well as to scientifically confirm the separation of men and women in athletic competition. Although the Medical Commission never discovered a single male imposter, and the test illustrated the impossibility of determining the exact constitution of woman, the IOC maintained the policy for three decades. With both the impossibility of discovering a clear sex divide and the increased presence of female dopers, the IOC adjusted its semantic framework to encapsulate gender normativity. The conspicuous adjustment from sex to gender underscored the Medical Commission's changing anxieties. Rather than to catch men disguised as women, the test evolved into a measure to preclude female Olympians with biological advantages. In other words, the Medical Commission eventually viewed gender verification as a tool to eliminate competitors it deemed too strong, too fast or too successful for women's competition. Olympic womanhood--dependent on a belief in natural, dichotomous sex/gender difference--required female athletes to conform to conventional notions of white, Western femininity. Through these regulations, the IOC has continuously reaffirmed a binary notion of sex, privileged white gender norms and hampered female athleticism"--

SPORTS & RECREATION / Olympics. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Women's Studies. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Gender Studies. --- Sports --- Sex discrimination in sports. --- Women athletes --- Field sports --- Pastimes --- Recreations --- Recreation --- Athletics --- Games --- Outdoor life --- Physical education and training --- Sex differences. --- Physiology. --- IOC Medical Commission. --- International Olympic Committee. --- Sex discrimination in sports --- Athletes --- Athletic Performance --- Sex Characteristics --- Sexism --- Gender Identity --- Racism --- 612:796 --- 316.7:796 --- 796.032 --- 316.371 --- Covert Racism --- Racial Bias --- Racial Discrimination --- Racial Prejudice --- Bias, Racial --- Covert Racisms --- Discrimination, Racial --- Discriminations, Racial --- Prejudice, Racial --- Prejudices, Racial --- Racial Discriminations --- Racial Prejudices --- Racism, Covert --- Racisms, Covert --- Apartheid --- Gender --- Gender Identities --- Identity, Gender --- Transgender Persons --- Sex Discrimination --- Gender Bias --- Gender Discrimination --- Sex Bias --- Sexual Discrimination --- Bias, Gender --- Bias, Sex --- Discrimination, Gender --- Discrimination, Sex --- Discrimination, Sexual --- Sexual Dimorphism --- Gender Characteristics --- Gender Differences --- Gender Dimorphism --- Sex Differences --- Sex Dimorphism --- Sexual Dichromatism --- Characteristic, Gender --- Characteristic, Sex --- Dichromatism, Sexual --- Dichromatisms, Sexual --- Difference, Sex --- Dimorphism, Gender --- Dimorphism, Sex --- Dimorphism, Sexual --- Gender Characteristic --- Gender Difference --- Gender Dimorphisms --- Sex Characteristic --- Sex Difference --- Sex Dimorphisms --- Sexual Dichromatisms --- Sexual Dimorphisms --- Sexual Selection --- Sex --- Sports Performance --- Athletic Performances --- Performance, Athletic --- Performance, Sports --- Performances, Athletic --- Performances, Sports --- Sports Performances --- Psychomotor Performance --- Elite Athletes --- Professional Athletes --- Athlete --- Athlete, Elite --- Athlete, Professional --- Athletes, Elite --- Athletes, Professional --- Elite Athlete --- Professional Athlete --- 612:796 Fysiologie van de sport --- Fysiologie van de sport --- 316.371 Gender --- 796.032 Olympische gedachte. Olympische beweging --- Olympische gedachte. Olympische beweging --- 316.7:796 Sociologie van de sport --- Sociologie van de sport --- Physiology --- Sex differences --- Everyday Racism --- Racism, Everyday --- Gender identity. --- Sex identity (Gender identity) --- Sexual identity (Gender identity) --- Identity (Psychology) --- Sex (Psychology) --- Queer theory --- Antiracism --- Gender Issues --- Gender dysphoria