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Ataturk, Kemal --- Atatürk, Kemal, --- Ataturk, Kemal, --- 956.0 --- 929 ATATÜRK, MUSTAFA KAMAL --- BPB0703 --- Geschiedenis van Turkije: republiek (1920- ) --- Biografie. Genealogie. Heraldiek--ATATÜRK, MUSTAFA KAMAL --- 956.0 Geschiedenis van Turkije: republiek (1920- ) --- Atatürk, Kemal, --- Mustafa Kemal Paşa, --- Mustapha Kemal Pasha, --- Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha, --- Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa, --- Kemal, Mustafa, --- Kemal Pasza, --- Atātūrk, Kamāl, --- Atati︠u︡rk, Kemalʹ, --- Atatürk, Kamâl, --- Atati︠u︡rk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Kemal, Mustapha, --- Ataturk, Mustapha Kemal, --- Ghazi Mustapha Kemal Pacha, --- G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá Kamāl Pāshā, --- Muṣt̤afá Kamāl Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī, --- Kamāl Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá, --- Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá Kamāl, --- Ataturku, Mustafa Qemal, --- Mustaf̲ā Kamālapāśā, --- Kamālapāśā, Mustafā, --- Pāśā, G̲h̲azī Mustafā Kamāla, --- G̲h̲azī Mustafā Kamāla Pāśā, --- Atatu̇rīk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Kemal Atatürk, --- Atatürk, Mustafa Kamal, --- أتاتورك، كمال، --- غازى مصطفى كمال، --- Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Атацюрк, Мустафа Кемаль Атацюрк, --- Atatsi︠u︡rk, Mustafa Kemalʹ, --- Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемал, --- Ατατούρκ, Μουσταφά Κεμάλ, --- Atatourk, Moustapha Kemal, --- Ататурк, Мустафа Кемал, --- Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль, --- Turkey --- History --- Turquie --- Histoire --- Ataturk, Kemal, - 1881-1938 --- Turkey - History - 1878-1909 --- Turkey - History - 20th century --- Atatürk (mustafa kemal), 1881-1938 --- Hommes d'etat --- Nationalisme --- Biographies --- 1918-1960 --- Politique et gouvernement --- 20e siecle

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For decades after the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Turkish state promoted the idea of a desired citizen. The Kemalist state treated these citizens as superior, with full rights; but the 'others', those outside this desired citizenship, were either tolerated or considered undesirable citizens. And this caused the marginalization of ethnic and religious minorities, religious Muslims and leftists alike. In this book, Ihsan Yilmaz shows how historical traumas, victimhood, insecurities, anxieties, fears and siege mentality have negatively impacted on and radicalised the nation-building projects of the two competing hegemonic ideologies/regimes (those of Ataturk and Erdogan) and their treatment of majority and minority ethnic, religious and political groups. Yilmaz reveals the significant degree of overlap between the desired, undesired citizen and tolerated citizen categories of these two regimes, showing how both regimes aimed to create a perception of a homogenous Turkish nation.

Citizenship --- Kemalism. --- Islam and state --- Nationalism --- History --- Atatürk, Kemal, --- Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip. --- Turkey --- Politics and government --- Consciousness, National --- Identity, National --- National consciousness --- National identity --- International relations --- Patriotism --- Political science --- Autonomy and independence movements --- Internationalism --- Political messianism --- Mosque and state --- State and Islam --- State, The --- Ummah (Islam) --- Ataturkism --- Kemalist policies --- Birthright citizenship --- Citizenship (International law) --- National citizenship --- Nationality (Citizenship) --- Public law --- Allegiance --- Civics --- Domicile --- Political rights --- Law and legislation --- Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip --- Tayyip --- Erdoğan, Tayyip --- RTE --- ‏اردوغان، رجب طيّب --- Mustafa Kemal Paşa, --- Mustapha Kemal Pasha, --- Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha, --- Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa, --- Kemal, Mustafa, --- Kemal Pasza, --- Atātūrk, Kamāl, --- Atati︠u︡rk, Kemalʹ, --- Atatürk, Kamâl, --- Atati︠u︡rk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Kemal, Mustapha, --- Ataturk, Mustapha Kemal, --- Ghazi Mustapha Kemal Pacha, --- G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá Kamāl Pāshā, --- Muṣt̤afá Kamāl Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī, --- Kamāl Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá, --- Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá Kamāl, --- Ataturku, Mustafa Qemal, --- Mustaf̲ā Kamālapāśā, --- Kamālapāśā, Mustafā, --- Pāśā, G̲h̲azī Mustafā Kamāla, --- G̲h̲azī Mustafā Kamāla Pāśā, --- Atatu̇rīk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Kemal Atatürk, --- Atatürk, Mustafa Kamal, --- أتاتورك، كمال، --- غازى مصطفى كمال، --- Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Атацюрк, Мустафа Кемаль Атацюрк, --- Atatsi︠u︡rk, Mustafa Kemalʹ, --- Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемал, --- Ατατούρκ, Μουσταφά Κεμάλ, --- Atatourk, Moustapha Kemal, --- Ататурк, Мустафа Кемал, --- Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль, --- Kemalism

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Presidents --- az-turk 947.6 --- geschiedenis --- historische figuren --- Kemal Atatürk --- politieke geschiedenis --- Turkije --- historische figuren - Turkije : 20e eeuw --- Atatürk, Kemal, --- Mustafa Kemal Paşa, --- Mustapha Kemal Pasha, --- Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha, --- Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa, --- Kemal, Mustafa, --- Kemal Pasza, --- Atātūrk, Kamāl, --- Atati︠u︡rk, Kemalʹ, --- Atatürk, Kamâl, --- Atati︠u︡rk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Kemal, Mustapha, --- Ataturk, Mustapha Kemal, --- Ghazi Mustapha Kemal Pacha, --- G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá Kamāl Pāshā, --- Muṣt̤afá Kamāl Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī, --- Kamāl Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá, --- Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá Kamāl, --- Ataturku, Mustafa Qemal, --- Mustaf̲ā Kamālapāśā, --- Kamālapāśā, Mustafā, --- Pāśā, G̲h̲azī Mustafā Kamāla, --- G̲h̲azī Mustafā Kamāla Pāśā, --- Atatu̇rīk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Kemal Atatürk, --- Atatürk, Mustafa Kamal, --- أتاتورك، كمال، --- غازى مصطفى كمال، --- Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Атацюрк, Мустафа Кемаль Атацюрк, --- Atatsi︠u︡rk, Mustafa Kemalʹ, --- Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемал, --- Ατατούρκ, Μουσταφά Κεμάλ, --- Atatourk, Moustapha Kemal, --- Ататурк, Мустафа Кемал, --- Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль, --- Turkey --- Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turechchyna --- Tyrkia --- Osmanskai︠a︡ Imperii︠a︡ --- Tourkia --- TC --- Türkiye --- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti --- Vysokai︠a︡ Porta --- Osmanlı İmparatorluğu --- Devlet-i Aliye Osmaniye --- Turkiet --- T.C. (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) --- Republic of Turkey --- תורכיה --- Turkiyah --- Turkyah --- Tunkī --- République turque --- Tʻŏkʻi --- Anatolia --- Asia Minor --- Anatolie --- Republic of Türkiye --- Asia Minore --- Ottoman Empire --- Republik Türkei --- Tureuki --- Turkye --- Republiek van Turkye --- Türkei --- Turcland --- تركيا --- Turkiyā --- جمهورية التركية --- Jumhūrīyah al-Turkīyah --- Turquía --- Republica de Turquía --- Turchia --- Tuykia --- Türkiyä Respublikası --- Turki --- Républik Turki --- Tȯrkiă --- Турцыя --- Turtsyi︠a︡ --- Турэцкая Рэспубліка --- Turėtskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Tiakei --- Torkėjė --- Turkia --- Republik Turkia --- Турция --- Република Турция --- Republika Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turska --- Republika Turska --- Tū-ī-gì --- Turecko --- Turecká republika --- Tëreckô --- Repùblika Tërecczi --- Tẏrt︠s︡i --- Турци --- Turt︠s︡i --- Турци Республики --- Turt︠s︡i Respubliki --- Twrci --- Gweriniaeth Twrci --- Tyrkiet --- Republikken Tyrkiet --- Tʼóok Bikéyah --- Turkojska --- Republika Turkojska --- Türgi --- Türgi Vabariik --- Τουρκία --- Δημοκρατία της Τουρκίας --- Dēmokratia tēs Tourkias --- Τουρκική Δημοκρατία --- Tourkikē Dēmokratia --- Turchî --- Repóbblica d'l Turchî --- Turkio --- Turkujo --- Turkia Respubliko --- Turkaland --- Lýðveldið Turkaland --- Turquie (Repupblic) --- République de Turquie --- Tuirc --- Poblacht na Tuirce --- Turkee --- Pobblaght ny Turkee --- Thú-ngí-khì --- 터키 --- 터키 공화국 --- T'ŏk'i Konghwaguk --- Tureke --- Turkowska --- Turcia --- Турк --- Turk --- Турчы Республикæ --- Turchy Respublikæ --- Tyrkland --- Lýðveldið Tyrkland --- Repubblica di Turchia --- טורקיה --- רפובליקה הטורקית --- Republiḳah ha-Ṭurḳiyah --- Тюрк --- Ti︠u︡rk --- Тюрк Республика --- Ti︠u︡rk Respublika --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Turukiya --- Uturuki --- Jamhuri ya Uturuki --- Tiki --- Tirkiye --- Komara Tirkiyeyê --- Repuvlika de Turkiya --- Turcija --- Turcijas Republika --- Tierkei --- Republik Tierkei --- Turkija --- Turkieë --- Törkieë --- Buturuki --- Ripablik kya Buturuki --- Törökország --- Török Köztársaság --- Турција --- Република Турција --- Republika Turcija --- Whenua Korukoru --- Tū-ī-gì Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók --- Туркамастор --- Turkamastor --- Туркань республиксь --- Turkanʹ respubliksʹ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Turk Uls --- Tlacatlahtocayotl Turquia --- Republiek Turkije --- トルコ --- Toruko --- トルコ共和国 --- Toruko Kyōwakoku --- Turkii --- Republikken Tyrkia --- Turtchie --- Турций --- Turt︠s︡iĭ --- Тюркия --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ --- Тюркия Республика --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ Respublika --- Teki --- Törkie --- Turcja --- Republika Turcji --- República da Turquia --- Republica Turcia --- Republika Turkiya --- Turkya --- Turkiya Republika --- Турція --- Турецка Республіка --- Turet︠s︡ka Respublika --- Турецкая Республика --- Tu̇rkiĭė --- Tu̇rkiĭė Respublikata --- Durka --- Durkka dásseváldi --- Turkäi --- Republik Turkäi --- Turqia --- Republika e Turqisë --- Thekhi --- Turcyjo --- Republika Turecko --- Republika Turcyje --- Jamhuuriyada Turki --- Turkiyakondre --- Ripoliku Turkiyakondre --- Турска --- Република Турска --- Turkki --- Turkin tasavalta --- Republiken Turkiet --- Republika ng Turkiya --- Tturk --- Tagduda n Tturk --- Turchie --- Repubbleche de Turchie --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Türkiýe Respublikasy --- Туреччина --- Турецька Республіка --- Republica de Turchia --- Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Cộng hoà Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Türkän --- Türgü --- Türgü Vabariik --- 土耳其 --- Tu'erqi --- Turkeye --- Republiek Turkeye --- Turkeya --- Tirki --- Republik bu Tirki --- טערקיי --- Ṭerḳay --- טערקישע רעפובליק --- Ṭerḳishe Republiḳ --- Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì --- Tırkiya --- 土耳其共和國 --- Tu'erqi Gongheguo --- Tu'erqi gong he guo --- Tu er qi gong he guo --- Ānātūlī --- History --- Politics and government 1918-1960. --- Atatürk, Kemal --- Geschiedenis --- 20e eeuw --- Azië --- Cộng hoà Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Турций --- Nederland --- Geneeskunde --- Techniek (wetenschap) --- Atlas --- Museum --- Vietnam --- Zuid-Afrika --- Kust --- Literatuur

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Early in his career, Adolf Hitler took inspiration from Benito Mussolini, his senior colleague in fascism-this fact is widely known. But an equally important role model for Hitler and the Nazis has been almost entirely neglected: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey. Stefan Ihrig's compelling presentation of this untold story promises to rewrite our understanding of the roots of Nazi ideology and strategy. Hitler was deeply interested in Turkish affairs after 1919. He not only admired but also sought to imitate Atatürk's radical construction of a new nation from the ashes of defeat in World War I. Hitler and the Nazis watched closely as Atatürk defied the Western powers to seize government, and they modeled the Munich Putsch to a large degree on Atatürk's rebellion in Ankara. Hitler later remarked that in the political aftermath of the Great War, Atatürk was his master, he and Mussolini his students. This was no fading fascination. As the Nazis struggled through the 1920s, Atatürk remained Hitler's "star in the darkness," his inspiration for remaking Germany along nationalist, secular, totalitarian, and ethnically exclusive lines. Nor did it escape Hitler's notice how ruthlessly Turkish governments had dealt with Armenian and Greek minorities, whom influential Nazis directly compared with German Jews. The New Turkey, or at least those aspects of it that the Nazis chose to see, became a model for Hitler's plans and dreams in the years leading up to the invasion of Poland.

National socialism. --- Press and politics --- Nazisme --- Presse et politique --- Atatürk, Kemal, --- Turkey --- Germany --- Turquie --- Allemagne --- Relations --- Politics and government --- Press coverage --- Politique et gouvernement --- Couverture de presse --- Mustafa Kemal Paşa, --- Mustapha Kemal Pasha, --- Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha, --- Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa, --- Kemal, Mustafa, --- Kemal Pasza, --- Atātūrk, Kamāl, --- Atati︠u︡rk, Kemalʹ, --- Atatürk, Kamâl, --- Atati︠u︡rk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Kemal, Mustapha, --- Ataturk, Mustapha Kemal, --- Ghazi Mustapha Kemal Pacha, --- G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá Kamāl Pāshā, --- Muṣt̤afá Kamāl Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī, --- Kamāl Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá, --- Pāshā, G̲h̲āzī Muṣt̤afá Kamāl, --- Ataturku, Mustafa Qemal, --- Mustaf̲ā Kamālapāśā, --- Kamālapāśā, Mustafā, --- Pāśā, G̲h̲azī Mustafā Kamāla, --- G̲h̲azī Mustafā Kamāla Pāśā, --- Atatu̇rīk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Kemal Atatürk, --- Atatürk, Mustafa Kamal, --- أتاتورك، كمال، --- غازى مصطفى كمال، --- Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, --- Атацюрк, Мустафа Кемаль Атацюрк, --- Atatsi︠u︡rk, Mustafa Kemalʹ, --- Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемал, --- Ατατούρκ, Μουσταφά Κεμάλ, --- Atatourk, Moustapha Kemal, --- Ататурк, Мустафа Кемал, --- Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль, --- Nazism --- Authoritarianism --- Fascism --- Nazis --- Neo-Nazism --- Totalitarianism --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Causes --- Third Reich, 1933-1945 --- Weimar Republic --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Германия --- BRD --- FRN --- Jirmānīya --- جرمانيا --- Nimechchyna --- Gjermani --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Ashkenaz --- Germanyah --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Deutschland --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República Federal de Alemania --- Alemania --- República de Alemania --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- KhBNGU --- ХБНГУ --- German Uls --- Germania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Deutsches Reich --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Weimarer Republik --- Vācijā --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (East) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turechchyna --- Tyrkia --- Osmanskai︠a︡ Imperii︠a︡ --- Tourkia --- TC --- Türkiye --- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti --- Vysokai︠a︡ Porta --- Osmanlı İmparatorluğu --- Devlet-i Aliye Osmaniye --- Turkiet --- T.C. (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) --- Republic of Turkey --- תורכיה --- Turkiyah --- Turkyah --- Tunkī --- République turque --- Tʻŏkʻi --- Anatolia --- Asia Minor --- Anatolie --- Republic of Türkiye --- Asia Minore --- Ottoman Empire --- Republik Türkei --- Tureuki --- Turkye --- Republiek van Turkye --- Türkei --- Turcland --- تركيا --- Turkiyā --- جمهورية التركية --- Jumhūrīyah al-Turkīyah --- Turquía --- Republica de Turquía --- Turchia --- Tuykia --- Türkiyä Respublikası --- Turki --- Républik Turki --- Tȯrkiă --- Турцыя --- Turtsyi︠a︡ --- Турэцкая Рэспубліка --- Turėtskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Tiakei --- Torkėjė --- Turkia --- Republik Turkia --- Турция --- Република Турция --- Republika Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turska --- Republika Turska --- Tū-ī-gì --- Turecko --- Turecká republika --- Tëreckô --- Repùblika Tërecczi --- Tẏrt︠s︡i --- Турци --- Turt︠s︡i --- Турци Республики --- Turt︠s︡i Respubliki --- Twrci --- Gweriniaeth Twrci --- Tyrkiet --- Republikken Tyrkiet --- Tʼóok Bikéyah --- Turkojska --- Republika Turkojska --- Türgi --- Türgi Vabariik --- Τουρκία --- Δημοκρατία της Τουρκίας --- Dēmokratia tēs Tourkias --- Τουρκική Δημοκρατία --- Tourkikē Dēmokratia --- Turchî --- Repóbblica d'l Turchî --- Turkio --- Turkujo --- Turkia Respubliko --- Turkaland --- Lýðveldið Turkaland --- Turquie (Repupblic) --- République de Turquie --- Turkije --- Tuirc --- Poblacht na Tuirce --- Turkee --- Pobblaght ny Turkee --- Thú-ngí-khì --- 터키 --- 터키 공화국 --- T'ŏk'i Konghwaguk --- Tureke --- Turkowska --- Turcia --- Турк --- Turk --- Турчы Республикæ --- Turchy Respublikæ --- Tyrkland --- Lýðveldið Tyrkland --- Repubblica di Turchia --- טורקיה --- רפובליקה הטורקית --- Republiḳah ha-Ṭurḳiyah --- Тюрк --- Ti︠u︡rk --- Тюрк Республика --- Ti︠u︡rk Respublika --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Turukiya --- Uturuki --- Jamhuri ya Uturuki --- Tiki --- Tirkiye --- Komara Tirkiyeyê --- Repuvlika de Turkiya --- Turcija --- Turcijas Republika --- Tierkei --- Republik Tierkei --- Turkija --- Turkieë --- Törkieë --- Buturuki --- Ripablik kya Buturuki --- Törökország --- Török Köztársaság --- Турција --- Република Турција --- Republika Turcija --- Whenua Korukoru --- Tū-ī-gì Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók --- Туркамастор --- Turkamastor --- Туркань республиксь --- Turkanʹ respubliksʹ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Turk Uls --- Tlacatlahtocayotl Turquia --- Republiek Turkije --- トルコ --- Toruko --- トルコ共和国 --- Toruko Kyōwakoku --- Turkii --- Republikken Tyrkia --- Turtchie --- Турций --- Turt︠s︡iĭ --- Тюркия --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ --- Тюркия Республика --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ Respublika --- Teki --- Törkie --- Turcja --- Republika Turcji --- República da Turquia --- Republica Turcia --- Republika Turkiya --- Turkya --- Turkiya Republika --- Турція --- Турецка Республіка --- Turet︠s︡ka Respublika --- Турецкая Республика --- Tu̇rkiĭė --- Tu̇rkiĭė Respublikata --- Durka --- Durkka dásseváldi --- Turkäi --- Republik Turkäi --- Turqia --- Republika e Turqisë --- Thekhi --- Turcyjo --- Republika Turecko --- Republika Turcyje --- Jamhuuriyada Turki --- Turkiyakondre --- Ripoliku Turkiyakondre --- Турска --- Република Турска --- Turkki --- Turkin tasavalta --- Republiken Turkiet --- Republika ng Turkiya --- Tturk --- Tagduda n Tturk --- Turchie --- Repubbleche de Turchie --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Türkiýe Respublikasy --- Туреччина --- Турецька Республіка --- Republica de Turchia --- Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Cộng hoà Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Türkän --- Türgü --- Türgü Vabariik --- 土耳其 --- Tu'erqi --- Turkeye --- Republiek Turkeye --- Turkeya --- Tirki --- Republik bu Tirki --- טערקיי --- Ṭerḳay --- טערקישע רעפובליק --- Ṭerḳishe Republiḳ --- Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì --- Tırkiya --- 土耳其共和國 --- Tu'erqi Gongheguo --- Tu'erqi gong he guo --- Tu er qi gong he guo --- Ānātūlī --- ドイツ --- Doitsu --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Gėrman --- Герман Улс --- National socialism --- Cộng hoà Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Турций --- Atatürk, Kemal, 1881-1938