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In less than a decade, the Internet went from being a series of loosely connected networks used by universities and the military to the powerful commercial engine it is today. This book describes how many of the key innovations that made this possible came from entrepreneurs and iconoclasts who were outside the mainstream--and how the commercialization of the Internet was by no means a foregone conclusion at its outset. Shane Greenstein traces the evolution of the Internet from government ownership to privatization to the commercial Internet we know today. This is a story of innovation from the edges. Greenstein shows how mainstream service providers that had traditionally been leaders in the old-market economy became threatened by innovations from industry outsiders who saw economic opportunities where others didn't--and how these mainstream firms had no choice but to innovate themselves. New models were tried: some succeeded, some failed. Commercial markets turned innovations into valuable products and services as the Internet evolved in those markets. New business processes had to be created from scratch as a network originally intended for research and military defense had to deal with network interconnectivity, the needs of commercial users, and a host of challenges with implementing innovative new services. How the Internet Became Commercial demonstrates how, without any central authority, a unique and vibrant interplay between government and private industry transformed the Internet

Entrepreneurship. --- Telecommunication --- Information technology --- Internet industry --- Internet --- Entrepreneur --- Intrapreneur --- Capitalism --- Business incubators --- DARPA Internet --- Internet (Computer network) --- Wide area networks (Computer networks) --- World Wide Web --- Computer industry --- Technological innovations. --- Economic aspects. --- History. --- Internet - Economic aspects --- Internet industry - History --- Information technology - Economic aspects --- Telecommunication - Technological innovations --- Advertising. --- At Best. --- Auction. --- Bidding. --- Bulletin board. --- Business partner. --- Business process. --- CIX. --- Commercial Internet eXchange. --- Commercialization of the Internet. --- Commercialization. --- Compaq. --- Competitive advantage. --- CompuServe. --- Computer network. --- Computer scientist. --- Computer. --- Computing. --- Customer. --- Designer. --- Dial-up Internet access. --- Domain name. --- Dot-com bubble. --- E-commerce. --- Economics. --- Email. --- Employment. --- Engineering. --- Expense. --- Forecasting. --- Funding. --- Governance. --- HTML. --- Household. --- IBM. --- Illustration. --- Information technology. --- Infrastructure. --- Insider. --- Institution. --- Intel. --- Interconnection. --- Internet Explorer. --- Internet Society. --- Internet access. --- Investor. --- Killer application. --- Larry Page. --- Local area network. --- MCI Inc. --- Market value. --- Marketing. --- Mass market. --- Microsoft. --- Modem. --- Mosaic (web browser). --- National Science Foundation. --- Netscape. --- NetworKing. --- Network Solutions. --- Network effect. --- Operating system. --- PSINet. --- Participant. --- Personal computer. --- Pricing. --- Privatization. --- Procurement. --- Programmer. --- Reputation. --- Requirement. --- Research and development. --- Retail. --- Server (computing). --- Shareware. --- Software. --- Standardization. --- Startup company. --- Stephen Wolff. --- Subsidy. --- Supply (economics). --- Technology. --- Telecommunication. --- Telephone company. --- Tim Berners-Lee. --- UUNET. --- Unix. --- Value chain. --- Vendor. --- Venture capital. --- Viral marketing. --- Web page. --- Website. --- Wi-Fi. --- Wide Variety. --- Windows 95. --- World Wide Web Consortium. --- World Wide Web. --- Writing.

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In today's social climate of acknowledged and growing inequality, why are there not greater efforts to tax the rich? In this wide-ranging and provocative book, Kenneth Scheve and David Stasavage ask when and why countries tax their wealthiest citizens-and their answers may surprise you.Taxing the Rich draws on unparalleled evidence from twenty countries over the last two centuries to provide the broadest and most in-depth history of progressive taxation available. Scheve and Stasavage explore the intellectual and political debates surrounding the taxation of the wealthy while also providing the most detailed examination to date of when taxes have been levied against the rich and when they haven't. Fairness in debates about taxing the rich has depended on different views of what it means to treat people as equals and whether taxing the rich advances or undermines this norm. Scheve and Stasavage argue that governments don't tax the rich just because inequality is high or rising-they do it when people believe that such taxes compensate for the state unfairly privileging the wealthy. Progressive taxation saw its heyday in the twentieth century, when compensatory arguments for taxing the rich focused on unequal sacrifice in mass warfare. Today, as technology gives rise to wars of more limited mobilization, such arguments are no longer persuasive.Taxing the Rich shows how the future of tax reform will depend on whether political and economic conditions allow for new compensatory arguments to be made.

331.161.2 --- 336.203 --- Inégalité sociale --- Europe --- États-Unis --- Impôt sur la fortune --- Impôt direct --- Japon --- Income tax --- Rich people --- BPB1606 --- Wealth --- Affluence --- Distribution of wealth --- Fortunes --- Riches --- Business --- Economics --- Finance --- Capital --- Money --- Property --- Well-being --- Affluent people --- High income people --- Rich --- Rich, The --- Wealthy people --- Social classes --- Personal income tax --- Taxable income --- Taxation of income --- Direct taxation --- Internal revenue --- Progressive taxation --- Tithes --- Wages --- Geschiedenis van de belastingen. --- progressieve, degressieve en proportionele belastingen. --- Sociale ongelijkheid --- Europa --- Verenigde Staten --- Vermogensbelasting --- Directe belasting --- Japan --- History. --- Taxation --- Economic conditions --- Taxes --- vermogensbelasting --- fiscale geschiedenis --- europa --- verenigde staten --- impot sur le capital --- histoire de la fiscalité --- europe --- états-unis --- Sociaal werk --- Duurzame ontwikkeling --- Япония --- Japán --- Ιαπωνία --- Japani --- Јапан --- Japāna --- Japonsko --- il-Ġappun --- Japonska --- Japón --- Japonia --- Giappone --- Jaapan --- Japão --- An tSeapáin --- Japonija --- Јапонија --- Japonské císařství --- Парламентарна Уставна Монархија Јапонија --- Nippon --- podatek bezpośredni --- neposredni porez --- tiesioginis mokestis --- direkt skatt --- imposto direto --- välitön vero --- директни даноци --- otsene maks --- priama daň --- directe belasting --- tiešais nodoklis --- direkte Steuer --- tatim i drejtpërdrejtë --- imposta diretta --- άμεσος φόρος --- impuesto directo --- taxxa diretta --- direkte skat --- direct tax --- пряк данък --- impozit direct --- közvetlen adó --- přímá daň --- neposredni davek --- непосредни порез --- непосредни даноци --- imposto directo --- izravni porez --- imposta patrimoniale --- daň z bohatstva --- данок на богатство --- порез на богатство --- daň z bohatství --- φόρος στην περιουσία --- magánszemélyt terhelő vagyonadó --- varallisuusvero --- impozit pe avere --- förmögenhetsskatt --- impuesto sobre el patrimonio --- gerovės mokestis --- taksë mbi pasurinë --- varandusemaks --- porez na bogatstvo --- wealth tax --- Besteuerung privaten Vermögens --- īpašuma nodoklis --- imposto sobre a fortuna --- podatek od bogactwa --- taxxa fuq il-ġid --- данък върху богатството --- formueskat --- davek od premoženja --- φόρος ακίνητης περιουσίας --- turto mokestis --- данок на лична капитална добивка --- die Vereinigte Staaten --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Združene države --- United States --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες --- l-Istati Uniti --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- Stati Uniti --- Shtetet e Bashkuara --- Estados Unidos --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Spojené státy --- Egyesült Államok --- Statele Unite --- Amerikas Savienotās Valstis --- Förenta staterna --- Сједињене Америчке Државе --- Jungtinės Valstijos --- Yhdysvallat --- Съединени щати --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Spojené štáty --- Соединети Американски Држави --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- САД --- VS --- USA --- EE.UU. --- JAV --- Amerikas förenta stater --- l-Istati Uniti tal-Amerika --- los Estados Unidos de América --- ΗΠΑ --- Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës --- SAD --- Verenigde Staten van Amerika --- Соединетите Држави --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Statele Unite ale Americii --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- SHBA --- United States of America --- Ühendriigid --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες Αμερικής --- EUA --- ASV --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Združene države Amerike --- Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki --- САЩ --- Съединени американски щати --- SUA --- Yhdysvallat, USA --- Spojené státy americké --- U.S.A. --- Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos --- Sjedinjene Države --- Estados Unidos da América --- De Forenede Stater --- Spojené státy severoamerické --- Amerikan yhdysvallat --- Spojené štáty americké --- die Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- US --- Eiropa --- Ευρώπη --- Ewropa --- Euroopa --- Eurooppa --- Европа --- Európa --- hEorpa --- Evropa --- țări europene --- Europese landen --- země Evropy --- Euroopa riigid --- evropské státy --- países europeus --- evropské země --- европски земји --- European countries --- europæiske lande --- ευρωπαϊκές χώρες --- país europeo --- Euroopan maat --- paesi europei --- nazioni europee --- európske krajiny --- país de Europa --- európai országok --- Europos šalys --- pays européens --- státy Evropy --- Europese staten --- vende europiane --- europäische Länder --- europeiska länder --- desigualdade social --- друштвена неједнакост --- inechitate socială --- social inequality --- sociálna nerovnosť --- pabarazi shoqërore --- desigualdad social --- društvena nejednakost --- sociale ongelijkheid --- socialna neenakost --- nierówność społeczna --- sociala skillnader --- social ulighed --- socialinė nelygybė --- yhteiskunnallinen eriarvoisuus --- disuguaglianza sociale --- inugwaljanza soċjali --- soziale Ungleichheit --- општествена нееднаквост --- sotsiaalne ebavõrdsus --- sociālā nevienlīdzība --- sociální nerovnost --- κοινωνική ανισότητα --- társadalmi egyenlőtlenség --- социално неравенство --- општествена хиерархија --- disparità sociale --- Geschiedenis van de belastingen --- progressieve, degressieve en proportionele belastingen --- History --- Taxation&delete& --- #SBIB:33H16 --- #SBIB:33H13 --- #SBIB:35H220 --- Graduated taxation --- Proportional taxation --- Taxation, Progressive --- Publieke financiën --- Economische politiek --- Financieel management bij de overheid: algemene werken --- Belasting --- fiscaliteit, kapitaal --- cáin dhíreach --- cáin rachmais --- Na Stáit Aontaithe --- An Eoraip --- éagothromaíocht shóisialta --- Inégalité sociale --- États-Unis --- Impôt sur la fortune --- Impôt direct --- Imposte sul reddito --- Europa. --- USA. --- United States. --- Europe. --- Ability To Pay. --- At Best. --- Bond (finance). --- Capital levy. --- Conscription. --- Consideration. --- Consumption tax. --- Corporate tax. --- Debt. --- Direct tax. --- Economic efficiency. --- Economic growth. --- Economic inequality. --- Economic interventionism. --- Economic policy. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Economy. --- Emmanuel Saez. --- Employment. --- Equality of outcome. --- Estate tax in the United States. --- Excise Tax. --- Expense. --- Finance. --- Financial crisis. --- Flat tax. --- Funding. --- Gift tax. --- Globalization. --- Government revenue. --- Gross domestic product. --- Incentive. --- Income distribution. --- Income tax in the United States. --- Income tax. --- Income. --- Indirect tax. --- Inflation. --- Inheritance tax. --- Institution. --- Jean Tirole. --- John Stuart Mill. --- Legislation. --- Legislature. --- Luxury goods. --- Mass mobilization. --- Middle class. --- Oligarchy. --- On War. --- Payroll tax. --- Pension. --- People's Budget. --- Percentage point. --- Percentage. --- Political economy. --- Political party. --- Political science. --- Political spectrum. --- Politics. --- Progressive tax. --- Property tax. --- Provision (accounting). --- Public finance. --- Quarterly Journal of Economics. --- Rates (tax). --- Redistribution of income and wealth. --- Sacrifice. --- Salary. --- Self-interest. --- Stanford University. --- Suffrage. --- Tariff. --- Tax Fairness. --- Tax Schedule. --- Tax deduction. --- Tax incidence. --- Tax law. --- Tax policy. --- Tax rate. --- Tax revenue. --- Tax. --- Taxation in the United Kingdom. --- Taxation in the United States. --- Taxpayer. --- Technology. --- Thomas Piketty. --- Total revenue. --- Universal suffrage. --- University of Amsterdam. --- War effort. --- War reparations. --- War. --- Warfare. --- Wealth tax. --- Wealth. --- Welfare state. --- Welfare. --- World War I. --- World War II.