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This paper analyzes the spillover effects of U.S. monetary policy announcements on emerging market economies since end-2008, the period coinciding with the use of unconventional policy measures. Monetary policy surprises are measured by changes in two-year Treasury yields in short windows of time around the Federal Reserve Board's policy announcements. The analysis finds that U.S. monetary policy surprises have a significant impact on emerging economies' exchange rates, equity prices, and bond yields. The impact is larger for surprise tightening of policy than for surprise easing. The impact is disproportionately larger for large surprises, implying that emerging markets are relatively insulated from anticipated policy announcements. The spillover effects of policy announcements of other advanced economies, such as the euro area, Japan, and United Kingdom, are found to be much weaker than those of the United States.
Asset Prices --- Emerging Markets --- Federal Open Market Committee --- Fomc --- International Spillovers --- Monetary Policy
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This paper estimates the effects of peer benchmarking by institutional investors on asset prices. To identify trades purely due to peer benchmarking as separate from those based on fundamentals or private information, the paper exploits a natural experiment involving a change in a government imposed underperformance penalty applicable to Colombian pension funds. This change in regulation is orthogonal to stock fundamentals and only affects incentives to track peer portfolios allowing the authors to identify the component of demand due to peer benchmarking. The authors find that peer effects among pension fund managers generate excess in stock return volatility, with stocks exhibiting short-term abnormal returns followed by returns reversal in the subsequent quarter. Additionally, peer benchmarking produces an excess in comovement across stock returns beyond the correlation implied by fundamentals.
Asset Prices --- Comovement --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Herding --- Institutional Investors --- Markets & Market Access --- Mutual Funds
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This paper estimates the effects of peer benchmarking by institutional investors on asset prices. To identify trades purely due to peer benchmarking as separate from those based on fundamentals or private information, the paper exploits a natural experiment involving a change in a government imposed underperformance penalty applicable to Colombian pension funds. This change in regulation is orthogonal to stock fundamentals and only affects incentives to track peer portfolios allowing the authors to identify the component of demand due to peer benchmarking. The authors find that peer effects among pension fund managers generate excess in stock return volatility, with stocks exhibiting short-term abnormal returns followed by returns reversal in the subsequent quarter. Additionally, peer benchmarking produces an excess in comovement across stock returns beyond the correlation implied by fundamentals.
Asset Prices --- Comovement --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Herding --- Institutional Investors --- Markets & Market Access --- Mutual Funds
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Following record low interest rates and fast depreciating U.S. dollar, crude oil prices became under rising pressure and seemed boundless. Oil price process parameters changed drastically in 2003M5-2007M10 toward consistently rising prices. Short-term forecasting would imply persistence of observed trends, as market fundamentals and underlying monetary policies were supportive of these trends. Market expectations derived from option prices anticipated further surge in oil prices and allowed significant probability for right tail events. Given explosive trends in other commodities prices, depreciating currencies, and weakening financial conditions, recent trends in oil prices might not persist further without triggering world economic recession, regressive oil supply, as oil producers became wary about inflation. Restoring stable oil markets, through restraining monetary policy, is essential for durable growth and price stability.
Petroleum products --- Prices --- Forecasting. --- Mazut --- Petroleum --- Hydraulic fluids --- Refining --- Investments: Energy --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Energy: General --- Commodity Markets --- Investment & securities --- Oil prices --- Asset prices --- Oil --- Commodity prices --- Petroleum industry and trade --- United States
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In this paper, we derive evidence on the integration of international stock markets from the cointegration properties of international stock market prices. Using the multivariate cointegration test of Johansen, we find that the set of six country stock price indices, including that of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan are cointegrated. The results suggest that there are long-run equilibrium relationships among the stock market prices. Subsample and subgroup analyses also indicate that the cointegration relationships have become stronger over time. This is consistent with greater stock market integration amid the increasing liberalization and globalization of capital markets.
Asset prices --- Capital market --- Deflation --- Finance --- Finance: General --- Financial markets --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Inflation --- International capital markets --- International Financial Markets --- Macroeconomics --- Price Level --- Prices --- Securities markets --- Stock exchanges --- Stock markets --- United States
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This paper uses a partial equilibrium framework to compare the welfare consequences of different methods of quota administration relative to free trade under imperfect competition. It shows that a country importing a good from foreign duopolists may improve its welfare by setting a quota at the free trade quantity and giving a fraction of the quota licenses to the duopolists while auctioning off the rest.
Asset prices --- Commercial policy --- Deflation --- Exports and Imports --- Import licensing --- Import quotas --- Imports --- Inflation --- International economics --- International Trade Organizations --- International trade --- Macroeconomics --- Price Level --- Prices --- Trade barriers --- Trade liberalization --- Trade Policy --- Trade: General --- United States
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We find nonlinear feedback between the stock market and certain macroeconomic factors. This evidence calls into question the adequacy of these factors as a basis for a linear pricing model. It also means that the interaction between the economy and the stock market is more complicated than given by the simple relationship in Chen, Roll and Ross (1986). It also suggests that the univariate evidence for nonlinear dynamics in the stock market may be due to the complicated relationship between the macroeconomy and the stock market.
Inflation --- Investments: Stocks --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: General --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Investment & securities --- Stocks --- Consumption --- Industrial production --- Asset prices --- Prices --- Economics --- Industries
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This paper documents the extent of financial linkages between Canada and the United States and explores the impact of changes in U.S. financial conditions on financial conditions and real economic activity in Canada. It shows that close to a quarter of financing by Canadian corporations is raised south of the border. Empirical analysis using structural vector autoregressions establishes that a tightening in U.S. financial conditions has significant implications for real activity in Canada. For example, a percentage point increase in the 3- month T-bill rate, other things being equal, leads to a decline of slightly more than one percentage point in Canada's real GDP growth after 3 quarters. That decline can be decomposed into three channels: the direct financial channel, where the slowdown is attributed to a rising cost of funds for Canadian companies raising capital in the United States; the indirect financial channel, where growth is hampered as financial conditions in Canada tighten in response to a tightening in the United States; and the trade channel, which goes through a slowing in the U.S. economy, and correspondently lower demand for Canadian exports. As would be expected from the high degree of reliance on U.S. financing, the direct financial channel proves dominant in the short term.
Canada --- United States --- Foreign economic relations --- Economic conditions --- Econometric models. --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Production growth --- Exchange rates --- Asset prices --- Oil prices --- Production --- Economic theory
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This paper investigates linkages between stock markets in seven industrialized countries since 1974. Empirical evidence shows that both nominal and real stock prices (and returns) are strongly positively correlated across countries, and that nominal exchange rate changes do not have systematic effects on nominal stock prices. A two-country theoretical model is developed and an attempt is made to reconcile the empirical findings with the properties of this model. Independent evidence on the main sources of shocks is used to argue that the time-varying correlation in the data can be reconciled with the predictions of the theory.
Asset prices --- Currency --- Deflation --- Exchange rate adjustments --- Exchange rates --- Finance --- Finance: General --- Financial markets --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Price Level --- Prices --- Real exchange rates --- Stock exchanges --- Stock markets --- Japan
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There is strong evidence that interest rates and bond yield movements exhibit both stochastic volatility and unanticipated jumps. The presence of frequent jumps makes it natural to ask whether there is a premium for jump risk embedded in observed bond yields. This paper identifies a class of jump-diffusion models that are successful in approximating the term structure of interest rates of emerging markets. The parameters of the term structure of interest rates are reconciled with the associated bond yields by estimating the volatility and jump risk premia in highly volatile markets. Using the simulated method of moments (SMM), results suggest that all variants of models which do not take into account stochastic volatility and unanticipated jumps cannot generate the non-normalities consistent with the observed interest rates. Jumps occur (8,10) times a year in Argentina and Brazil, respectively. The size and variance of these jumps is also of statistical significance.
Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Finance --- Yield curve --- Short term interest rates --- Interest rate modelling --- Asset prices --- Market interest rates --- Interest rates --- Prices --- Argentina --- Risk --- Jump processes --- Bonds --- Econometric models.
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