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Algae --- Ascophyllum nodosum --- Bangia fuscopurpurea --- Calothrix --- Chondrus crispus --- Enteromorpha --- Fucus platycarpus --- Fucus serratus --- Germany --- Halidrys siliquosa --- Helgolands --- Porphyra

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Fucoidans are a group of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides found in many species of brown seaweeds, with numerous bioactive properties. As a highly bioactive seaweed substance with many promising physiological activities, fucoidans have attracted attention from many industries all over the world. Even though fucoidans are a rich source of bioactive properties, the structural properties and bioactive mechanisms of fucoidans are poorly understood. Therefore, novel studies that either characterize the physical properties or biological activities of fucoidans will fill the knowledge gap between industrial applications and the scientific background of those applications. Both purified and partially purified fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds present high potential as preventative and therapeutic agents against number of chronic diseases, due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticoagulative properties. This Special Issue is aimed at presenting updated information on well-documented studies of the structural characterization and major biological actions relevant for medical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical applications that fucoidans isolated from brown seaweed can offer.

Medicine --- fucoidan --- low-molecular-weight fucoidan --- adriamycin --- nephrotic syndrome --- psoriasis --- Traf3ip2 --- microbiota --- mucin --- IgA --- fucoidans --- extraction --- brown algae --- production --- bioactivities --- Sri Lankan algae --- anticancer --- sulfated polysaccharide --- Celluclast --- sargassum --- antioxidant --- Maldives --- Padina boryana --- zebrafish --- apoptosis --- DR4 --- mitochondrial pathway --- cancer --- metastasis --- epithelial mesenchymal transition --- nanoparticles --- Helicobacter pylori --- mozuku --- Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida --- urinalysis --- fucose --- enzymatic purification --- age-related macular degeneration --- VEGF --- oxidative stress --- Laminaria digitata --- Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens --- Saccharina latissima --- retinal pigment epithelium --- ROS --- Phaeophyta --- carbohydrate --- UVB irradiation --- HaCaT cells --- sulfated heterosaccharide --- dopamine neurons apoptosis --- PI3K–Akt --- ascorbic acid --- anti-lung cancer --- human lung carcinoma A-549 cells --- hydrogen peroxide --- Sargassum crassifolium --- fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum --- postprandial hyperglycemia --- in vitro and in vivo evaluation --- SGLT1 --- chitosan --- fibroblast growth factor-2 --- polyelectrolyte multilayer --- infrared spectroscopy --- quartz crystal microbalance --- sulfated polysaccharides --- natural defenses --- phenolic metabolism --- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase --- n/a --- PI3K-Akt

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Fucoidans are a group of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides found in many species of brown seaweeds, with numerous bioactive properties. As a highly bioactive seaweed substance with many promising physiological activities, fucoidans have attracted attention from many industries all over the world. Even though fucoidans are a rich source of bioactive properties, the structural properties and bioactive mechanisms of fucoidans are poorly understood. Therefore, novel studies that either characterize the physical properties or biological activities of fucoidans will fill the knowledge gap between industrial applications and the scientific background of those applications. Both purified and partially purified fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds present high potential as preventative and therapeutic agents against number of chronic diseases, due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticoagulative properties. This Special Issue is aimed at presenting updated information on well-documented studies of the structural characterization and major biological actions relevant for medical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical applications that fucoidans isolated from brown seaweed can offer.

Medicine --- fucoidan --- low-molecular-weight fucoidan --- adriamycin --- nephrotic syndrome --- psoriasis --- Traf3ip2 --- microbiota --- mucin --- IgA --- fucoidans --- extraction --- brown algae --- production --- bioactivities --- Sri Lankan algae --- anticancer --- sulfated polysaccharide --- Celluclast --- sargassum --- antioxidant --- Maldives --- Padina boryana --- zebrafish --- apoptosis --- DR4 --- mitochondrial pathway --- cancer --- metastasis --- epithelial mesenchymal transition --- nanoparticles --- Helicobacter pylori --- mozuku --- Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida --- urinalysis --- fucose --- enzymatic purification --- age-related macular degeneration --- VEGF --- oxidative stress --- Laminaria digitata --- Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens --- Saccharina latissima --- retinal pigment epithelium --- ROS --- Phaeophyta --- carbohydrate --- UVB irradiation --- HaCaT cells --- sulfated heterosaccharide --- dopamine neurons apoptosis --- PI3K-Akt --- ascorbic acid --- anti-lung cancer --- human lung carcinoma A-549 cells --- hydrogen peroxide --- Sargassum crassifolium --- fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum --- postprandial hyperglycemia --- in vitro and in vivo evaluation --- SGLT1 --- chitosan --- fibroblast growth factor-2 --- polyelectrolyte multilayer --- infrared spectroscopy --- quartz crystal microbalance --- sulfated polysaccharides --- natural defenses --- phenolic metabolism --- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

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This book presents contributions from scientists who are directly involved in the potential of marine enzymes as useful tools in biocatalysis; the results of enzymatic bioprospecting in gross marine environments are acknowledged, including two review articles on general enzymatic processes and microalgal enzymes. In addition, studies on structural characterizations, biological functions and aspects related to the complexity of marine enzyme-based bioprocesses are discussed. Prominent conclusions by many scientists in the field of marine biotechnology emphasize that, due to marine biological diversity and the specificity of biological marine metabolisms, the study of biocatalysts on a global scale from this environment is just starting, and possesses huge potential for the development of applications with industrial benefits.

metalloprotease --- adsorption analysis --- molecular docking --- affinity purification --- aminophenylboronic acid --- alginate degradation --- 4-deoxy-l-erythro-5-hexoseulose uronic acid (DEH) metabolism --- Bacteroidetes --- Proteobacteria --- Flavobacterium --- 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-gluconate (KDG) kinase --- 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) aldolase --- alginate-derived products --- marine enzymes --- biocatalysts --- bioprocesses --- biorefinery --- seafood --- marine biomarkers --- collagenase --- fermentation optimization --- collagen --- Pseudoalteromonas --- antioxidant peptides --- microcystin-degrading bacteria --- mycotoxin --- protease --- esterase --- inhibitor --- marine agent --- Catenovulum --- alkaline and cold-adapted dextranase --- isomaltoogligosaccharides --- biofilm --- dental caries --- growing cells --- resting cells --- asymmetric reduction --- marine fungi --- chiral alcohols --- alginate lyase --- marine bacterium --- Bacillus sp. Alg07 --- purification --- alginate oligosaccharides --- Vibrio weizhoudaoensis --- PL7 family --- salt-activated enzyme --- Serratia marcescens --- polyM-specific --- oligosaccharides --- Isoptericola halotolerans --- bifunctional alginate lyase --- α-d-galactosidase --- homology model --- GH 36 family --- mutation --- transglycosylation --- marine bacteria --- Pseudoalteromonas sp. KMM 701 --- leucine dehydrogenase --- cold-adapted --- Antarctic bacterium --- sea-ice --- homology modeling --- fucoidan --- endo-fucoidanase --- galactofucan --- molecular stabilisation --- Sargassum mcclurei --- Turbinaria ornata --- Alteromonas --- deep sea --- cold-adapted enzyme --- β-galactosidase --- lactose-free milk --- chitosanases --- chitin deacetylase --- deacetylation patterns --- chitooligosaccharides --- separating --- detecting --- expression --- deep-sea enzyme --- pCold vector --- Ascophyllum nodosum --- algal cell wall degrading enzymes --- enzyme-assisted extraction --- ichip device --- quorum quenching enzyme --- error prone PCR --- high-throughput screening --- site-directed mutagenesis --- catalytic ability --- Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) --- Alginate lyase --- Thermo-tolerant --- pH-stability --- Endo-manner --- Vibrio sp. SY01 --- polysaccharide lyase of family 6 --- characterization --- degradation pattern --- microalgae --- enzymes --- marine biotechnology --- -omics technologies --- heterologous expression --- homologous expression

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Over the past decade, interest in plant biostimulants has been on the rise, compelled by the growing interest of researchers, extension specialists, private industries, and farmers in integrating these products in the array of environmentally friendly tools to secure improved crop performance, nutrient efficiency, product quality, and yield stability. Plant biostimulants include diverse organic and inorganic substances, natural compounds, and/or beneficial microorganisms such as humic acids, protein hydrolysates, seaweed and plant extracts, silicon, endophytic fungi like mycorrhizal fungi, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria belonging to the genera Azospirillum, Azotobacter, and Rhizobium. Other substances (e.g., chitosan and other biopolymers and inorganic compounds) can have biostimulant properties, but their classification within the group of biostimulants is still under consideration. Plant biostimulants are usually applied to high-value crops, mainly greenhouse crops, fruit trees and vines, open-field crops, flowers, and ornamentals to sustainably increase yield and product quality. The global biostimulant market is currently estimated at about $2.0 billion and is expected to reach $3.0 billion by 2021 at an annual growth rate of 13%. A growing interest in plant biostimulants from industries and scientists was demonstrated by the high number of published peer-reviewed articles, conferences, workshops, and symposia in the past ten years. This book compiles several original research articles, technology reports, methods, opinions, perspectives, and invited reviews and mini reviews dissecting the biostimulatory action of these natural compounds and substances and beneficial microorganisms on crops grown under optimal and suboptimal growing conditions (e.g., salinity, drought, nutrient deficiency and toxicity, heavy metal contaminations, waterlogging, and adverse soil pH conditions). Also included are contributions dealing with the effect as well as the molecular and physiological mechanisms of plant biostimulants on nutrient efficiency, product quality, and modulation of the microbial population both quantitatively and qualitatively. In addition, identification and understanding of the optimal method, time, rate of application and phenological stage for improving plant performance and resilience to stress as well as the best combinations of plant species/cultivar × environment × management practices are also reported. We strongly believe that high standard reflected in this compilation on the principles and practices of plant biostimulants will foster knowledge transfer among scientific communities, industries, and agronomists, and will enable a better understanding of the mode of action and application procedures of biostimulants in different cropping systems.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- Crocus sativus L. --- biofertilization --- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi --- antioxidant activity --- crocin --- picrocrocin --- polyphenols --- safranal --- Maize --- biostimulant --- root --- stress --- growth --- gene expression --- stem cuttings --- propagation --- root morphology traits --- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) --- indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) --- gibberellins --- phenolic compounds --- nutrients --- nutraceutical potential --- soybean --- yield --- N organic fertilizer --- seaweed extract --- mycorrhizal inoculants --- phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms --- biofertilizers --- microorganism consortium --- biostimulants --- Crocus sativus --- Funneliformis mosseae --- glasshouse --- protected cultivation --- Rhizophagus intraradices --- substrate --- L-methionine --- L-tryptophan --- L-glycine --- lettuce --- nitrogen --- plant biostimulant --- environmental stress --- vegetables --- fruit quality --- plants biostimulants --- yielding --- Biostimulants --- Euglena gracilis --- algal polysaccharide --- β-glucan --- water stress --- tomato --- aeroponics --- Zea mays L --- lignohumate --- lignosulfonate --- biological activity --- nitrogen metabolism --- carbon metabolism --- proteins --- phenolics --- sugars --- Ascophyllum nodosum --- Solanum melongena --- heterostyly --- pollination efficiency --- soilless conditions --- abiotic stress --- alfalfa hydrolysate --- chitosan --- zinc --- ascorbic acid --- Fragaria x ananassa --- functional quality --- lycopene --- organic farming --- protein hydrolysate --- Solanum lycopersicum L. --- tropical plant extract --- fertilizer --- melatonin --- phytomelatonin --- plant protector --- plant stress --- Lactuca sativa L. --- legume-derived protein hydrolysate --- nitrate --- Septoria --- wheat --- Paraburkholderia phytofirmans --- thyme essential oil --- isotope --- phytoparasitic nematodes --- suppressiveness --- sustainable management --- anti-nutritional substances --- fat --- fibre --- morphotype --- protein --- corn --- imaging --- industrial crops --- maize --- next generation sequencing --- phenomics --- plant phenotyping --- row crops --- Bacillus subtilis --- carotenoids --- probiotics --- PGPR --- Mentha longifolia --- humic acid --- antioxidants --- arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis --- mycorrhizosphere --- AMF associated bacteria --- plant growth-promoting bacteria --- phosphate-solubilizing bacteria --- siderophore production --- soil enzymatic activity --- biological index fertility --- nitrogenase activity --- microelements fertilization (Ti, Si, B, Mo, Zn) --- seed coating --- cover crop --- vermicompost --- growth enhancement --- AM fungi --- PGPB --- water deficit --- common bean --- Glomus spp. --- organic acids --- pod quality --- seaweed extracts --- seed quality --- tocopherols --- total sugars --- bean --- amino acids --- phenols --- flavonoids --- microbial biostimulant --- non-microbial biostimulant --- Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia --- mineral profile --- physiological mechanism --- photosynthesis --- biocontrol --- plant growth promotion --- soil inoculant --- Trichoderma --- Azotobacter --- Streptomyces --- deproteinized leaf juice --- fermentation --- lactic acid bacteria --- plant nutrition --- antioxidant capacity --- ornamental plants --- N fertilization --- nitrogen use efficiency --- leaf quality --- Spinacia oleracea L. --- sustainable agriculture --- Valerianella locusta L. --- isotopic labeling --- turfgrass --- humic acids --- leaf area index (LAI) --- specific leaf area (SLA) --- Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) index --- tuber yield --- ultrasound-assisted water --- foliar spray --- Pterocladia capillacea --- bio-fertilizer --- growth parameters --- Jew’s Mallow --- CROPWAT model --- eco-friendly practices --- total ascorbic acid --- Mater-Bi® --- mineral composition --- SPAD index --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- Capsicum annuum --- microbiome --- strain-specific primer --- tracking --- sweet basil --- alfalfa brown juice --- biostimulation --- chlorophyll pigments --- histological changes --- humic substances --- protein hydrolysates --- silicon --- arbuscular mycorrhiza --- plant growth promoting rhizobacteria --- macroalgae --- microalgae --- abiotic stresses --- nutrient use efficiency --- physiological mechanisms