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Arctic Anthropology, founded in 1962 by Chester S. Chard, is an international journal devoted to the study of Old and New World northern cultures and peoples. Archaeology, ethnology, physical anthropology, and related disciplines are represented, with emphasis on: studies of specific cultures of the arctic, subarctic and contiguous regions of the world; the peopling of the New World; relationships between New World and Eurasian cultures of the circumpolar zone; contemporary problems and culture change among northern peoples; and new directions in interdisciplinary northern research.

Anthropology --- Cold Climate --- Anthropologie --- Anthropology. --- Arctic & Antarctic Studies. --- Human beings --- Arktyka (region) --- Primitive societies

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The papers included in this Special Issue "Bioactive Molecules from Extreme Environments" provide an overview of the growing interest in species biodiversity, highlighting the importance of marine extreme environments as sources of a unique marine chemical diversity of molecules. It is worth noting that six articles in this Special Issue are focused on molecules and enzymes isolated from Antarctica. This means that there is a growing interest in this habitat, most probably due to being perceived as an important source of drug discovery. In fact, the unique environment and ecological pressures of marine polar regions might be the major drivers of a selection of unique biological communities that are able to biosynthesize new compounds with diverse biological activities. It is expected that, in the near future, more marine molecules from polar regions, as well as from other extreme habitats, will find their way into biomedical and biotechnological applications.

Medicine --- Latrunculia --- Antarctica --- deep-sea sponge --- molecular networking --- molecular docking --- discorhabdin --- Arctic/Antarctic environment --- biocatalysis --- cold-adaptation --- marine biotechnology --- deep sea --- extremophilic microorganisms --- extremozyme --- thermophilic enzyme --- psychrophilic enzyme --- halophilic enzyme --- piezophilic enzyme --- chitinase --- cold-adapted --- optimization --- antifungal --- Pseudomonas --- Deinococcus --- deinoxanthin --- carotenoid --- deep-sea --- extreme --- ecosystem --- fungi --- bioactive compounds --- secondary metabolites --- halophilic bacteria --- archaea and fungi --- biomolecules --- biomedicine --- antimicrobial compounds --- anticancer compounds --- green synthesis biomaterials --- silver nitrate --- antibiotics --- nanotechnology --- marine prokaryotes --- microbial diversity --- polyextremophiles --- deep hypersaline anoxic basins --- blue biotechnologies --- extremozymes --- limits of life --- Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) --- genome survey --- mitochondrial genome --- whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) --- antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- antihypertensive peptide (AHTP) --- cypermethrin --- biosurfactants --- biodegradation capacities --- marine sediments --- Arctic/Antarctic --- deep hypersaline anoxic basin --- cold-adapted bacteria --- halophilic microorganisms --- marine natural product --- enzyme --- silver nanoparticle --- marine bioprospecting

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The papers included in this Special Issue "Bioactive Molecules from Extreme Environments" provide an overview of the growing interest in species biodiversity, highlighting the importance of marine extreme environments as sources of a unique marine chemical diversity of molecules. It is worth noting that six articles in this Special Issue are focused on molecules and enzymes isolated from Antarctica. This means that there is a growing interest in this habitat, most probably due to being perceived as an important source of drug discovery. In fact, the unique environment and ecological pressures of marine polar regions might be the major drivers of a selection of unique biological communities that are able to biosynthesize new compounds with diverse biological activities. It is expected that, in the near future, more marine molecules from polar regions, as well as from other extreme habitats, will find their way into biomedical and biotechnological applications.

Medicine --- Latrunculia --- Antarctica --- deep-sea sponge --- molecular networking --- molecular docking --- discorhabdin --- Arctic/Antarctic environment --- biocatalysis --- cold-adaptation --- marine biotechnology --- deep sea --- extremophilic microorganisms --- extremozyme --- thermophilic enzyme --- psychrophilic enzyme --- halophilic enzyme --- piezophilic enzyme --- chitinase --- cold-adapted --- optimization --- antifungal --- Pseudomonas --- Deinococcus --- deinoxanthin --- carotenoid --- deep-sea --- extreme --- ecosystem --- fungi --- bioactive compounds --- secondary metabolites --- halophilic bacteria --- archaea and fungi --- biomolecules --- biomedicine --- antimicrobial compounds --- anticancer compounds --- green synthesis biomaterials --- silver nitrate --- antibiotics --- nanotechnology --- marine prokaryotes --- microbial diversity --- polyextremophiles --- deep hypersaline anoxic basins --- blue biotechnologies --- extremozymes --- limits of life --- Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) --- genome survey --- mitochondrial genome --- whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) --- antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- antihypertensive peptide (AHTP) --- cypermethrin --- biosurfactants --- biodegradation capacities --- marine sediments --- Arctic/Antarctic --- deep hypersaline anoxic basin --- cold-adapted bacteria --- halophilic microorganisms --- marine natural product --- enzyme --- silver nanoparticle --- marine bioprospecting

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This Special Issue, as a continuation of the previous Special Issue, “Bioactive Molecules from Extreme Environments” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs/special_issues/Extreme_Environments accessed on 4 November 2021), includes 10 research articles and 2 reviews, providing a wide overview of the chemical biodiversity offered by different marine organisms inhabiting extreme environments to be used for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. The six articles in this Special Issue are focused on the polar regions, which represent an untapped source of marine natural products and are still largely unexplored compared to more accessible sites. Many of these articles refer to Antarctica, which is the coldest and most inaccessible continent on the Earth, where extreme temperatures, light and ice have selected biological communities with a unique suite of bioactive metabolites. The marine organisms of Arctic and Antarctic environments are a reservoir of natural compounds, exhibiting huge structural diversity and significant bioactivities that could be used in human applications.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Arctic/Antarctic --- marine bioprospecting --- marine natural product --- terpene --- terpenoid --- biotechnological application --- drug discovery --- microalgae --- Muriellopsis --- spray drying --- freeze-drying --- lutein --- supercritical fluid extraction --- cyclic tripeptides --- antibacterial --- Antarctica sponge-derived fungus --- Aspergillus insulicola --- psychrophiles --- Antarctic bacteria --- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) --- lipid A --- structural characterization --- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry --- marine natural products --- Mollusca --- Gastropoda --- chemical ecology --- crustin --- antimicrobial peptides --- shrimp --- deep-sea hydrothermal vent --- deep-sea microorganism --- fungus --- Penicillium griseofulvum --- anti-food allergy --- fungal metabolites --- Paenibacillus --- Arctic --- Svalbard --- Marfey’s method --- DP4 calculation --- quinone reductase --- lipopeptide --- 3-amino-2-pyrrolidinone --- green synthesis --- biomaterials --- metal --- antibiotics --- nanotechnology --- deep sea natural products --- Mariana Trench --- Dermacoccus abyssi MT 1.1T --- 13C-NMR chemical shift linear and multiple regression --- (DFT)-UV-Vis spectral calculation --- phenoxazine --- dermacozine --- absorption maxima in the near infrared region --- Antarctica --- sponges --- mycalols --- marine biotechnology --- antifungal activity --- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens --- Panama disease --- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense --- bioactive compound --- iturin A5