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Hot environments are diverse environments that habor a wide variety of anaerobic microorganisms. Although the existence of thermophilic microorganisms has been known for over a century, it is only since the 1970s that warm environments inhabited by thermophiles have been studied in more detail. While aerobic thermophiles have received most of the interest, thermophilic anaerobes have received less attention. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental aspects of thermophilic anaerobes, from their environments to their applications in biotechnology. The book is divided into three parts: 1) a general overview of thermophilic anaerobes, their history, environments, and phylogenetic relationships, 2) physiological aspects of thermophilic anaerobes and their mechanisms of thermal adaptation, and 3) the biotechnological applications of thermophiles for the production of biofuels and other chemical building blocks as well as their applications in specific industries. This comprehensive and up-to-date book, Thermophilic anaerobes - Phylogeny, Physiology and Biotechnological Applications, is a valuable resource for experienced researchers and early career scientists alike who want to learn more about this exciting and developing field.

Biotechnology. --- Microbiology. --- Bacteria. --- Archaebacteria. --- Microbial ecology. --- Archaea. --- Environmental Microbiology.

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Marine and freshwater polar environments are characterized by intense physical forces and strong seasonal variations. The persistent cold and sometimes inhospitable conditions create unique ecosystems and habitats for microbial life. Polar microbial communities are diverse productive assemblages, which drive biogeochemical cycles and support higher food-webs across the Arctic and over much of the Antarctic. Recent studies on the biogeography of microbial species have revealed phylogenetically diverse polar ecotypes, suggesting adaptation to seasonal darkness, sea-ice coverage and high summer irradiance. Because of the diversity of habitats related to atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and the formation and melting of ice, high latitude oceans and lakes are ideal environments to investigate composition and functionality of microbial communities. In addition, polar regions are responding more dramatically to climate change compared to temperate environments and there is an urgent need to identify sensitive indicators of ecosystem history, that may be sentinels for change or adaptation. For instance, Antarctic lakes provide useful model systems to study microbial evolution and climate history. Hence, it becomes essential and timely to better understand factors controlling the microbes, and how, in turn, they may affect the functioning of these fragile ecosystems. Polar microbiology is an expanding field of research with exciting possibilities to provide new insights into microbial ecology and evolution. With this Research Topic we seek to bring together polar microbiologists studying different aquatic systems and components of the microbial food web, to stimulate discussion and reflect on these sensitive environments in a changing world perspective.

polar --- microeukaryotes --- bacteria --- microbiology --- phytoplankton --- Antarctica --- Arctic --- aquatic --- archaea --- climate change

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Prokaryotes have a complex cell envelope which has several important functions, including providing a barrier that protects the cytoplasm from the environment. Along with its associated proteinaceous structures, it also ensures cell stability, facilitates motility, mediates adherence to biotic and abiotic surfaces, and facilitates communication with the extracellular environment. Viruses have evolved to take advantage of cell envelope constituents to gain access to the cellular interior as well as for egress from the cell. While many aspects of the biosynthesis and structure of the cell envelope are similar across domains, archaeal cell envelopes have several unique characteristics including, among others, an isoprenoid lipid bilayer, a non-murein-based cell wall, and a unique motility structure, important features that give archaeal cell envelopes characteristics that are significantly different from those of bacterial cell envelopes. Recent analyses have revealed that the cell envelopes of distantly related archaea also display an immense diversity of characteristics. For instance, while many archaea have an S-layer, the subunits of S-layers of various archaeal species, as well as their posttranslational modifications, vary significantly. Moreover, like gram-negative bacteria, recent studies have shown that some archaeal species also have an outer membrane. In this collection of articles, we include contributions that focus on research that has expanded our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and functions of archaeal cell envelopes and their constituent surface structures.

Archaebacteria. --- Microbiology. --- pili --- membrane --- Biofilms --- hami --- Archaea --- S-layer --- Cytochromes --- Surface structures --- Flagella --- archaella

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Prokaryotes have a complex cell envelope which has several important functions, including providing a barrier that protects the cytoplasm from the environment. Along with its associated proteinaceous structures, it also ensures cell stability, facilitates motility, mediates adherence to biotic and abiotic surfaces, and facilitates communication with the extracellular environment. Viruses have evolved to take advantage of cell envelope constituents to gain access to the cellular interior as well as for egress from the cell. While many aspects of the biosynthesis and structure of the cell envelope are similar across domains, archaeal cell envelopes have several unique characteristics including, among others, an isoprenoid lipid bilayer, a non-murein-based cell wall, and a unique motility structure, important features that give archaeal cell envelopes characteristics that are significantly different from those of bacterial cell envelopes. Recent analyses have revealed that the cell envelopes of distantly related archaea also display an immense diversity of characteristics. For instance, while many archaea have an S-layer, the subunits of S-layers of various archaeal species, as well as their posttranslational modifications, vary significantly. Moreover, like gram-negative bacteria, recent studies have shown that some archaeal species also have an outer membrane. In this collection of articles, we include contributions that focus on research that has expanded our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and functions of archaeal cell envelopes and their constituent surface structures.

Archaebacteria. --- Microbiology. --- pili --- membrane --- Biofilms --- hami --- Archaea --- S-layer --- Cytochromes --- Surface structures --- Flagella --- archaella

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This book will explore the knowledge of current diagnostic automation techniques applied in the field of clinical microbiology, tropical diseases, POCT, etc. There is no such type of book related to this topic. This book will help clinicians, microbiologists, and researchers to make diagnostic algorithms for infectious diseases and help them in early diagnosis. Automation in clinical microbiology has revolutionized routine practice in diagnostic cum research in medical microbiology. This book covers the recent updates and advances in diagnostic microbiology and provides new techniques related to Genomic, Proteomic, and metabolomics in microbiology. This book will intensely discuss the new and innovative automation techniques available for diagnosis in the microbiology laboratory. This book is more focused on automation techniques, which are used in the early detection of infectious diseases even caused by rare microorganisms. Furthermore, this book has complied with the chapters that provide insights to readers with comprehensive and usable knowledge on automation techniques in diagnostic microbiology. .

Medical microbiology. --- Archaebacteria. --- Automation. --- Diagnosis. --- Bacteria. --- Virology. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Archaea. --- Medical bacteriology.