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The footwear case provides an example of the complexities of World Trade Organization (WTO) rules on the use of safeguards, and of the interaction of multilateral and regional processes of liberalization. As a result both of Argentina's unilateral liberalization and the removal of barriers within Mercosur, imports of footwear increased rapidly. As Mercosur provides no intra-regional safeguard mechanism, the government of Argentina responded by applying import relief and WTO safeguards against third countries. The WTO Dispute Settlement Body addressed these measures and as a consequence, Argentina dismantled most of them, leading to four main conclusions: The jurisprudence of the WTO's Appellate Body has created serious uncertainty as to when a country can use safeguards. This does not contribute to the political balance that has to be maintained when developing countries implement trade liberalization programs. In fact, it detracts from this crucial goal. It is an error to negotiate ambiguous multilateral agreements on the expectation that the WTO Dispute Settlement mechanism will clarify them. An overvalued currency heightened the industry's problems. In the case of footwear, the decline in imports following the recent devaluation was more important than that following the implementation of earlier relief measures. The political economy of liberalization also indicates the need for regional agreements to include adequate transition mechanisms that will facilitate adjustment to free trade and to maintain support for it.

Appellate Body --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Dispute Settlement --- Dispute Settlement Body --- Dispute Settlement Mechanism --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Exchange Rate --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Free Trade --- Import Relief --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- Law and Development --- Liberalization Of Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Multilateral Agreements --- Policy Research --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Regional Agreements --- Regional Integration --- Regional Integration Agreements --- Regional Trade --- Safeguard Measures --- Trade --- Trade Barriers --- Trade Law --- Trade Liberalization --- Trade Policy --- World Trade Organization

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Spin Dictators traces how leaders such as Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew and Peru's Alberto Fujimori pioneered less violent, more covert, and more effective methods of monopolizing power. The book reveals why most of today's authoritarians are spin dictators--and how they differ from the remaining "fear dictators" such as Kim Jong-un and Bashar al-Assad, as well as from masters of high-tech repression like Xi Jinping.

Political systems --- BPB9999 --- BPB2210 --- dictatuur --- desinformatie --- censuur --- sensuuri --- ċensura --- cinsireacht --- λογοκρισία --- cenzūra --- Zensur --- cenzura --- censure --- cenzúra --- censurë --- censorship --- cenzură --- цензура --- censur --- tsensuur --- censura --- förhandsgranskning --- прелиминарна цензура --- předběžná cenzura --- následná cenzura --- автоцензура --- dezinformacja --- disinformaatio --- παραπληροφόρηση --- dezinformáció --- desinformação --- dezinformare --- desinformatsioon --- dezinformācija --- désinformation --- diżinformazzjoni --- дезинформација --- bréagaisnéis --- дезинформация --- keqinformim --- dezinformácia --- dezinformacija --- desinformación --- Desinformation --- disinformation --- disinformazione --- dezinformace --- desinformation --- погрешна информација --- viltus ziņa --- falske nyheder --- maldināšana --- αναληθές δημοσίευμα --- bulo --- fausses informations --- lažne vijesti --- nepnieuws --- fejknyheter --- noticias falsas --- ψευδείς ειδήσεις --- fałszywa informacja --- bufala --- știri false --- falošné správy --- aħbarijiet foloz --- notizie false --- potegavščina --- fake news --- неточна информација --- álhír --- embuste --- qerq --- falešná informace --- nieprawdziwe informacje --- nepravdivá informace --- невярна информация --- falska nyheter --- Falschmeldung --- pettus --- gezielte Falschmeldungen --- libauudised --- fakenieuws --- melagingos naujienos --- canular --- bluff --- hamis információ --- измислица --- menzogna --- boato --- falešné zprávy --- misinformation --- лажна информација --- melagingi pranešimai --- valeuutiset --- hoax --- lažna vijest --- фалшиви новини --- Hoax --- lažne novice --- notícia falsa --- diktatur --- dictatorship --- δικτατορία --- diktatuur --- diktatúra --- diktatūra --- Diktatur --- dictatură --- deachtóireacht --- diktatuuri --- diktatura --- ditadura --- dictadura --- dittatura --- диктатура --- diktaturë --- dictature --- dyktatura --- диктаторски режим --- diktátorství --- diktátori rendszer --- апсолутна власт --- régimen dictatorial --- авторитарна власт --- regime dittatoriale --- diktatórikus rendszer --- неограничена власт --- parancsuralom --- режим --- vláda neomezené moci --- mal-information --- Authoritarianism. --- Dictators. --- Mass media --- Mass media Political aspects --- Political aspects --- Communication in politics --- Tyrants --- Heads of state --- Political science --- Authority --- Political aspects. --- Despotism. --- félretájékoztatás --- škodlivá informácia --- informare rău-voitoare --- informazzjoni ħażina --- informare greșită --- irreführende Information --- misinformaatio --- väärinfo --- zlonamerne informacije --- hamis tájékoztatás --- má informação --- väärä tieto --- mífhaisnéis --- informacja szkodliwa --- neúmyselne nepravdivá informácia --- virheellinen tieto --- bevidst misinformation --- misinformatie --- pogrešna informacija --- miżinformazzjoni --- informação errada --- nepareiza informācija --- εσφαλμένη πληροφόρηση --- maldinoša informācija --- nesprávná informace --- falsk information --- klaidinga informacija --- pakenkti skirta informacija --- información falsa --- informacja wprowadzająca w błąd --- mésinformation --- drochfhaisnéis --- Fehlinformation --- zavádějící informace --- napačne informacije --- malinformazione --- lažna informacija --- Falschinformation --- κακόβουλη πληροφόρηση --- Schadinformation --- información errónea --- cattiva informazione --- Propaganda. --- Spin doctors. --- Autoritarisme. --- Dictateurs. --- Propagande. --- Activism. --- Alberto Fujimori. --- Amnesty International. --- Animal Farm. --- António de Oliveira Salazar. --- Appellate Body. --- Aristocracy. --- Autocracy. --- Ayatollah. --- Ballot. --- Beijing. --- Bersih. --- Bill Clinton. --- Burberry. --- Censorship. --- Communism. --- Communist state. --- Corruption. --- Currency. --- Debt. --- Dictatorship. --- Disinformation. --- Dissident. --- Economic development. --- Economy of the Soviet Union. --- El Comercio (Peru). --- Electronic media. --- Enlace. --- Entrepreneurship. --- Erich Honecker. --- Estado Novo (Portugal). --- External debt. --- Flagellation. --- Flattery. --- Foreign direct investment. --- Fraud. --- Freelancer. --- French Revolution. --- Gastarbeiter. --- Google Translate. --- Ideology. --- Immigration. --- Income. --- Incumbent. --- Industrial society. --- Infrastructure. --- Institution. --- International law. --- Isaias Afwerki. --- Jeune Afrique. --- Judicial deference. --- Kazakhstan. --- Language interpretation. --- Lee Kuan Yew. --- Legitimation. --- Leninism. --- Liberal democracy. --- Liberalism. --- Liberia. --- Life and Fate. --- Loyalty. --- Lyndon B. Johnson. --- Marketing. --- Mexico City. --- Military. --- Moscow Metro. --- Multilateralism. --- National Front Party (Libya). --- Newspaper. --- Norbert Elias. --- Nursultan Nazarbayev. --- Opinion poll. --- Persuasion (novel). --- Politics. --- Presidente (beer). --- Print Media. --- Printing. --- Red Army Faction. --- Respondent. --- Robert Mundell. --- Rule of thumb. --- Ruler. --- Security forces. --- Shame. --- Silvio Berlusconi. --- Soviet Union. --- State of emergency. --- Supermajority. --- Supporter. --- Terrorism. --- The Law Firm. --- United States dollar. --- Vladimir Putin. --- Voting. --- War. --- Waterboarding. --- Wealth. --- Work of art. --- Workforce. --- AUTHORITARIANISM --- DICTATORS --- MASS MEDIA--POLITICAL ASPECTS --- PROPAGANDA