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From the eighth century onwards, Christians living under Islam have produced numerous apologetic and polemical works, aimed at proving the continuing validity of Christianity. Among these is the Legend of Sergius Baḥīrā, which survives in two Syriac and two Arabic versions, and appears here in edition and translation. Being a counterhistory of Islam, it reshapes early Muslim traditions about a monk recognizing Muḥammad as the final Prophet by turning this monk into Muhammad’s tutor and co-author of the Qur’an. In response to Muslim triumphalist propaganda, it portrays Islam’s political power as predestined but finite and unrelated to its religious message. This feature sets the legend apart from similar Christian accounts of the origin of Islam, East and West, which are reviewed in this study as well.

Apologetics --- Apocalyptic literature --- Christianity and other religions --- Islam --- Apologétique --- Littérature apocalyptique --- Christianisme --- History --- History and criticism. --- Relations --- Christianity --- History. --- Histoire --- Histoire et critique --- Legend of Bahira. --- History and criticism --- Legend of Bāḥīrā --- Legend of Baḥīrā. --- Apologétique --- Littérature apocalyptique --- Legend of Baḥīrā. --- Christendom. --- Biographie. --- Christentum. --- Interreligiöse Beziehung. --- Judentum. --- Baḥīrā. --- Baḥīrā-Legende. --- Legend of Sergius Baḥīrā --- Legend of Beḥīrā --- Baḥīrā-Legende --- Apocalypse of Baḥīrā --- Apocalypse de Serge-Bahira --- Geschichte 800-850. --- Apologetics - History - Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Apocalyptic literature - History and criticism --- Christianity and other religions - Islam - History --- Islam - Relations - Christianity - History

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Apologetics --- Judaism --- Controversial literature --- History --- History and criticism --- Anonymus dialogus cum Iudaeis --- Dialogen [Griekse ] --- Dialogues [Greek ] --- Greek dialogues --- Griekse dialogen --- Anonymus dialogus cum Iudaeis. --- Apologétique --- Judaïsme --- Early works to 1800. --- History and criticism. --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- Littérature de controverse --- Histoire --- Histoire et critique --- 296*811 --- 296*811 Antisemitisme--in oudheid en middeleeuwen --- Antisemitisme--in oudheid en middeleeuwen --- Bible. New Testament --- Relation to the Old Testament --- Early works to 1800 --- Christianity and other religions --- Relations --- Christianity --- Jews --- Conversion to Christianity --- Apologetics - Early works to 1800 --- Judaism - Controversial literature - Early works to 1800 --- Apologetics - History - Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Judaism - Controversial literature - History and criticism

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Founded in 1365, not long after the Great Plague ravaged Europe, the University of Vienna was revitalized in 1384 by prominent theologians displaced from Paris--among them Henry of Langenstein. Beginning with the 1384 revival, Michael Shank explores the history of the university and its ties with European intellectual life and the city of Vienna. In so doing he links the abstract discussions of university theologians with the burning of John Hus and Jerome of Prague at the Council of Constance (1415-16) and the destruction of the Jewish community of Lower Austria (1421).Like most other scholars of the period, Henry of Langenstein (d. 1397) at one time believed that Aristotle's syllogistic was universally valid even in Trinitarian theology. In touch with the vibrant Jewish community in Vienna, Langenstein had high hopes of converting its members by logical argument. When he failed in his purpose, he lost his confidence in Aristotle's syllogistic as a universal tool of apologetics and handmaiden to Trinitarian theology. ("Unless you believe, you shall not understand," he "ed from Isaiah, in order to express his change of opinion.) During the next generation, the intellectual climate at the university changed from academic openness to increasing rigidity, and theologians turned from argument to persecution.Originally published in 1988.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Apologetics --- Logic, Medieval. --- Trinity --- Christianity and other religions --- Judaism --- History --- History of doctrines --- Judaism. --- Relations --- Christianity. --- Logic, Medieval --- -Judaism --- -378.4 <09> --- -Trinity --- -Theology, Doctrinal --- Triads (Philosophy) --- Appropriation (Christian theology) --- God (Christianity) --- Godhead (Mormon theology) --- Holy Spirit --- Trinities --- Tritheism --- Apologetics, Missionary --- Christian evidences --- Christianity --- Evidences, Christian --- Evidences of Christianity --- Fundamental theology --- Polemics (Theology) --- Theology, Fundamental --- Religious thought --- Theology --- Jews --- Religions --- Semites --- Syncretism (Christianity) --- Medieval logic --- -Christianity --- Universiteiten--Geschiedenis van ... --- -Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Evidences --- Religion --- Heinrich von Langenstein --- -Contributions in apologetics of the Trinity --- Universitat Wien --- -Universidad de Viena --- University of Vienna --- Vidensʹkyĭ universytet --- Vienna (Austria). --- Vienna. --- Vienna University --- Vienna (Austria) --- -Church history --- -History --- 378.4 <09> Universiteiten--Geschiedenis van ... --- -Medieval logic --- 378.4 <09> Universities--History of ... --- Universities--History of ... --- 378.4 <09> --- Relations&delete& --- Universiteiten--Geschiedenis van .. --- Heinrich, --- Hassia, Henricus de, --- Heinrich Heynbuch, --- Heinrich von Langenstein, --- Heinricus, --- Hembuche, Henricus, --- Henricus, --- Henricus Hembuche, --- Henry, --- Langenstein, Heinrich von, --- Langenstein, Henricus de, --- Von Langenstein, Heinrich, --- Universität Wien --- Universidad de Viena --- History. --- Wien (Austria) --- Vi︠e︡denʹ (Austria) --- Vedenʹ (Austria) --- Vena (Austria) --- Wiedëń (Austria) --- Bécs (Austria) --- Vindobona (Austria) --- Videnʹ (Austria) --- Vienne (Austria) --- Viena (Austria) --- Wienn (Austria) --- Dunaj (Austria) --- Wean (Austria) --- Wenen (Austria) --- Wina (Austria) --- Wene (Austria) --- Uigenna (Austria) --- فيينا (Austria) --- Fīyinnā (Austria) --- Vyana (Austria) --- Вена (Austria) --- Горад Вена (Austria) --- Виена (Austria) --- Beč (Austria) --- Fienna (Austria) --- Viin (Austria) --- Βιέννη (Austria) --- Вена ош (Austria) --- Vena osh (Austria) --- Vieno (Austria) --- Viene (Austria) --- Vín (Austria) --- Veen (Austria) --- 빈 (Austria) --- Венæ (Austria) --- Venæ (Austria) --- וינה (Austria) --- Ṿinah (Austria) --- Vienna (Reichsgau) --- Church history. --- Universiteiten--Geschiedenis van . --- Brotherhood Week --- Universiteiten--Geschiedenis van --- Vienna (Austria). Universität --- Vienna. Universität --- Apologetics - History - Middle Ages, 600-1500. --- Trinity - History of doctrines - Middle Ages, 600-1500. --- Christianity and other religions - Judaism. --- Judaism - Relations - Christianity.