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Responding to the religious identity crisis brought about by the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch seek the future of Judaism by reinterpreting the Mosaic Torah and the Deuteronomic Tradition within an apocalyptic setting. This book presents a study of religious thought in two Jewish apocalypses, 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch, written as a response to the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple by the Romans in 70 CE. The true nature of the crisis is the perceived loss of covenantal relationship between God and Israel, and the Jewish identity that is under threat. Discussions of various aspects of thought, including those conventionally termed theodicy, particularism and universalism, anthropology and soteriology, are subordinated under and contextualized within the larger issue of how the ancient authors propose to mend the traditional Deuteronomic covenantal theology now under crisis. Both 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch advocate a two-pronged solution of Torah and eschatology at the centre of their scheme to restore that covenant relationship in the absence of the Temple. Both maintain the Mosaic tradition as the bulwark for Israel’s future survival and revival. Whereas 4 Ezra aims to implant its eschatology into the Sinaitic tradition and make it part of the Mosaic Law, 2 Baruch extends the Deuteronomic scheme of reward and retribution into an eschatological context, making the rewards of the end-time a solution to the cycle of sins and punishments of this age. Considerable emphases are also placed on the significance of the portrayals of the pseudonymous protagonists, Ezra and Baruch, the use of symbolism in the two texts as scriptural exegesis, as well as their relationship with each other and links with the Hebrew Bible and other Jewish and Christian writings.

296*64 --- 229*234 --- 229*225 --- 229*225 Griekse Ezra-apocalypse --- Griekse Ezra-apocalypse --- 229*234 Apocalypse van Baruch --- Apocalypse van Baruch --- 296*64 Joods messianisme en apocalyptiek --- Joods messianisme en apocalyptiek

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Greek Apocalypse of Baruch --- Criticism, interpretation, etc --- 229*234 --- Apocalypse van Baruch --- 229*234 Apocalypse van Baruch --- Apocalypse of Baruch (Greek) --- 3 Baruch (Apocryphal book) --- Third Baruch (Apocryphal book) --- Apocalypsis Baruchi Graece --- Greek Baruch (Apocryphal book) --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- Griekse apocalyps van Baruch

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This work provides the key to one of the most enigmatic Jewish Hellenistic texts preserved in Greek and Slavonic. Despite the fact that 3 Baruch is one of the major early Jewish apocalypses, it has been relatively neglected in modern scholarship, probably since 3 Baruch is one of the most difficult works to comprehend and classify. Its content differs significantly from that of other writings of the same genre, as the book preserves syncretistic ideas and tendencies which are combined in unique ways. The worldview, the message, and the very textual structure of 3 Baruch are enigmatic in many respects. The present study demonstrates that the textual history of 3 Baruch, implicit meanings and structural links in its text, as well as conceptions behind the text, are partly reconstructable. Moreover, 3 Baruch, properly read, significantly enriches our understanding of the history of the motifs found in early Jewish lore, at times providing missing links between different stages of their development, and preserves important evidence on the roots of Jewish mysticism, proto-Gnostic and proto-Christian traditions. The study contains the introduction, synoptic translation, textual notes, and detailed commentaries.

Greek Apocalypse of Baruch --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- 229*234 --- 229*234 Apocalypse van Baruch --- Apocalypse van Baruch --- Apocalypse of Baruch (Greek) --- 3 Baruch (Apocryphal book) --- Third Baruch (Apocryphal book) --- Apocalypsis Baruchi Graece --- Greek Baruch (Apocryphal book) --- Apocryphal books. --- Apocryphal literature --- Pseudepigrapha --- Sacred books --- Baruch (Apocalypse de) --- Apocalpse. --- Baruch. --- Pseudepigrapha.

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Apocryphal literature (Old Testament) --- Apocalyptic literature --- Christian literature, Early --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- History and criticism. --- 229*234 --- -Apocalyptic literature --- -Christian literature, Early --- -Early Christian literature --- Patristic literature --- Literature, Apocalyptic --- Literature --- Apocalypse van Baruch --- Criticism, interpretation, etc --- History and criticism --- Baruch ben Neriah --- Barukh ben Neriyah ben Maḥseyah --- Neriah, Baruch ben --- Neriyah ben Maḥseyah, Baruch ben --- Baruch --- -Apocalypse van Baruch --- 229*234 Apocalypse van Baruch --- -229*234 Apocalypse van Baruch --- Early Christian literature --- Apocryphal books (Old Testament) --- Baruch ben Neriah. --- Bible. --- Antico Testamento --- Hebrew Bible --- Hebrew Scriptures --- Kitve-ḳodesh --- Miḳra --- Old Testament --- Palaia Diathēkē --- Pentateuch, Prophets, and Hagiographa --- Sean-Tiomna --- Stary Testament --- Tanakh --- Tawrāt --- Torah, Neviʼim, Ketuvim --- Torah, Neviʼim u-Khetuvim --- Velho Testamento --- Apocryphal literature (Old Testament) - Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- Apocalyptic literature - History and criticism. --- Christian literature, Early - History and criticism.

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The two Jewish works that are the subject of this volume, 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch , were written around the turn of the first century CE in the aftermath of the Roman destruction of the Second Temple. Both texts are apocalypses, and both occupy an important place in early Jewish literature and thought: they were composed right after the Second Temple period, as Rabbinic Judaism and early Christianity began to emerge. The twenty essays in this volume were first presented and discussed at the Sixth Enoch Seminar at the Villa Cagnola at Gazzada, near Milan, Italy, on June 26-30, 2011. Together they reflect the lively debate about 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch among the most distinguished specialists in the field. The Contributors are: Gabriele Boccaccini; Daniel Boyarin; John J. Collins; Devorah Dimant; Lutz Doering; Lorenzo DiTommaso; Steven Fraade; Lester L. Grabbe; Matthias Henze; Karina M. Hoogan; Liv Ingeborg Lied; Hindy Najman; George W.E. Nickelsburg; Eugen Pentiuc; Pierluigi Piovanelli; Benjamin Reynolds; Loren Stuckenbruck; Balázs Tamási; Alexander Toepel; Adela Yarbro Collins

229*234 --- 222.7 --- Apocalypse van Baruch --- Kronieken. Ezra. Nehemia --- 229*234 Apocalypse van Baruch --- Bible. --- Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch --- Apocalypse of Baruch (Syriac) --- 2nd Baruch (Apocryphal book) --- 2 Baruch (Apocryphal book) --- Second Baruch (Apocryphal book) --- II Baruch (Apocryphal book) --- Syriac Baruch (Apocryphal book) --- Apocalypse of Ezra (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Apocalypse of Esdras (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Apokalypse des Esra (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Esdras (Book 2, Apocrypha) --- Esdras (Book 4) --- Hazon Ezra (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Ḥezyonot ʻEzra (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Criticism, interpretation, etc.