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Two of the most important trade policy developments to take place since the 1980s are the expansion of preferential trade agreements and temporary trade barriers, such as antidumping, safeguards, and countervailing duties. Despite the empirical importance of preferential trade agreements and temporary trade barriers and the common feature that each can independently have quite discriminatory elements, relatively little is known about the nature of any relationships between them. This paper surveys the literature on some of the political-economic issues that can arise at the intersection of preferential trade agreements and temporary trade barriers and uses four case studies to illustrate variation in how countries apply the World Trade Organization's global safeguards policy instrument. The four examples include recent policies applied by a variety of types of countries and under different agreements: large and small countries, high-income and emerging economies, and free trade areas and customs unions. The analysis reveals important measurement and identification challenges for research that seeks to find evidence of systematic relationships between the formation of preferential trade agreements, the political-economic implications of their implementation, and the use of subsequent temporary trade barriers.

Antidumping Measures --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Free Trade --- International Economics & Trade --- Law and Development --- Preferential Trade Agreements --- Rules of Origin --- Safeguards --- Temporary Trade Barriers (TTBS) --- Trade Law --- Trade Policy --- World Trade Organization (WTO)

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Is there evidence from China's pre-WTO accession period that newly imposed U.S. or EU import restrictions deflect Chinese exports to third markets? The authors examine this question by drawing on a newly constructed data set of U.S. and EU product-level import restrictions on Chinese trade imposed between 1992 and 2001 and estimate their impact on Chinese exports to 38 alternative markets. There is no systematic evidence that the import restrictions imposed during this period resulted in Chinese exports surging to such alternate destinations. To the contrary, there is weak evidence of a chilling effect on China's exports to third markets.

Antidumping --- Antidumping measures --- Economic Theory & Research --- Export Growth --- Exporters --- Exports --- Free Trade --- Global exports --- Global markets --- Import protection --- Import restrictions --- International Economics and Trade --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market access --- Markets and Market Access --- Reciprocity --- Trade concessions --- Trade Deflection --- Trade Law --- Trade patterns --- Trade policies --- Trade Policy --- Trade restrictions --- World Trade --- World Trade Organization --- World Trading System

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Since the 1995 inception of the World Trade Organization (WTO), developing countries have become some of the most frequent users of the WTO-sanctioned antidumping trade policy instrument. This paper exploits newly available data to examine the pattern of actual industrial use of antidumping in nine of the major "new user" developing countries - Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Turkey and Venezuela. For these countries we are able to match data from two newly available sources: data on production in 28 different 3-digit ISIC industries from the Trade, Production and Protection Database to data on antidumping investigations, outcomes and imports at the 6-digit Harmonized System (HS) product level from the Global Antidumping Database. Our econometric analysis is to estimate a two-stage model of the industry-level decision to pursue an antidumping investigation and the national government's decision of whether and how much antidumping import protection to provide. First, we find evidence consistent with the theory of endogenous trade policy: larger industries that face substantial import competition are more likely to pursue an antidumping investigation, and larger and more concentrated industries receive greater antidumping protection from imports. Second, we find that industries that use antidumping are more likely to face the changing economic conditions specified by the technical evidentiary criteria of the WTO Antidumping Agreement: industries that face rapidly falling import prices are more likely to pursue an investigation, and industries that are more susceptible to cyclical dumping due to greater capital investment expenditures and that face rapidly increasing competition from imports receive greater antidumping protection.

Access --- Antidumping --- Antidumping Database --- Antidumping Measures --- Antidumping Policy --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Domestic Industries --- Economic Theory and Research --- Economic Welfare --- Exporters --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Free Trade --- Globalization and Financial Integration --- Import Competition --- Import Penetration --- Import Prices --- Import Protection --- Import Restrictions --- Industrial Management --- Industry --- International Economics & Trade --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Price Discrimination --- Public Sector Development --- Tariffs --- Trade Law --- Trade Liberalization --- Trade Policies --- Trade Policy --- Water and Industry --- Water Resources --- World Trade --- World Trade Organization