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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- antimicrobial peptides --- phages --- anti-tumoral --- anti-virulence --- drug libraries --- antiprotozoal --- anthelmintic --- antimicrobial peptides --- phages --- anti-tumoral --- anti-virulence --- drug libraries --- antiprotozoal --- anthelmintic

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

antimicrobial peptides --- phages --- anti-tumoral --- anti-virulence --- drug libraries --- antiprotozoal --- anthelmintic

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Drug discovery --- Infectious Disease --- Anti-Virulence --- Anti-Infectives --- Host-Microbe Interactions

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Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and still represents one of the global health threats to mankind. The World Health Organization estimated more than 10 million new cases and reported more than 1.5 million deaths in 2019, thus ranking TB among the main causes of death due to a single pathogen. Standard anti-TB therapy includes four first-line antibiotics that should be administered for at least six months. However, in the case of multi- and extensively drug-resistant TB, second-line medications must be used and these frequently cause severe side effects resulting in poor compliance. Developing new anti-TB drug candidates is therefore of outmost importance. In this Special Issue dedicated to Tuberculosis Drug Discovery and Development, we present the main and latest achievements in the fields of drug and target discovery, host-directed therapy, anti-virulence drugs, and describe the development of two advanced compounds: macozinone and delpazolid. In addition, this Special Issue provides an historical perspective focused on Carlo Forlanini, the inventor of pneumothorax for TB treatment, and includes an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies which are being exploited nowadays in TB drug development. Finally, a summary of TB vaccines that are either approved or undergoing clinical trials concludes the Special Issue.

mycobacteria --- tuberculosis --- multi-drug resistance --- drug discovery --- promiscuous targets --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- rifampin --- isoniazid --- mechanisms of resistance --- mutations --- granulomas --- caseum --- cell envelope --- dormancy --- delpazolid --- macozinone --- DprE1 inhibitor --- clinical studies --- discovery --- mode of action --- drug resistance --- toxicity --- target --- energy metabolism --- electron transport chain --- oxidative phosphorylation --- bedaquiline --- Q203 --- MID3 --- pharmacokinetics --- pharmacodynamics --- drug-drug interactions --- in vitro --- in vivo --- drug development --- tuberculosis treatment --- biomarkers --- drug combination --- clinical trial --- BCG --- tuberculosis vaccines --- TBVI --- EDCTP --- IAVI --- CTVD --- host-directed therapy --- anti-virulence compounds --- TB --- post-treatment sequelae --- surgery --- pulmonary rehabilitation --- Carlo Forlanini --- artificial pneumothorax --- n/a --- structure-based drug design --- target-based drug design --- PknB --- PknG --- DNA gyrase --- antibiotic --- mycobacterium --- genomics --- transcriptomics --- proteomics --- metabolomics --- lipidomics --- target identification --- mechanism of action --- antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) --- target-based screening --- phenotypic screening --- antituberculosis agents --- antimycobacterial --- anti-TB drug pipeline --- privileged targets --- lead generation

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Microbial virulence factors encompass a wide range of molecules produced by pathogenic microorganisms, enhancing their ability to evade their host defenses and cause disease. This broad definition comprises secreted products such as toxins, enzymes, exopolysaccharides, as well as cell surface structures such as capsules, lipopolysaccharides, glyco- and lipoproteins. Intracellular changes in metabolic regulatory networks, governed by protein sensors/regulators and non-coding regulatory RNAs, are also known to contribute to virulence. Furthermore, some secreted microbial products have the ability to enter the host cell and manipulate their machinery, contributing to the success of the infection. The knowledge, at the molecular level, of the biology of microbial pathogens and their virulence factors is central in the development of novel therapeutic molecules and strategies to combat microbial infections. The present collection comprises state of the art research and review papers on virulence factors and mechanisms of a wide range of bacterial and fungal pathogens for humans, animals, and plants, thus reflecting the impact of microorganisms in health and economic human activities, and the importance of the topic.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Aeromonas hydrophila --- LysR-family --- ΔlahS --- global regulator --- virulence --- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum --- SsNsd1 --- compound appressorium --- two-dimensional electrophoresis --- proteomics analysis --- differential expression proteins --- cystic fibrosis --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- Burkholderia cepacia complex --- small noncoding regulatory RNAs --- pathogenicity --- usg --- truA --- Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium --- oxidative stress --- intracellular survival --- pathogenomics --- coagulase-negative staphylococci --- virulence factors --- whole genome sequencing --- autotransporter --- covalent labeling --- bacterial surface protein --- SpyCatcher --- topology mapping --- virulence factor --- Candida --- host-pathogen interaction --- biofilm formation --- morphology --- immune evasion --- Trueperella pyogenes --- pyolysin --- infection --- immune response --- Actinomycetales --- Bordetella pertussis --- Hfq --- omics analysis --- T3SS --- serum resistance --- solute-binding proteins --- phytoplasma --- effector protein --- apple --- apple proliferation --- bacteria --- blood–brain barrier --- blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- meningitis --- outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) --- Candida albicans --- antimicrobial peptides --- complement --- interspecies interactions --- inter-kingdom protection --- fungicidal activity --- fluconazole --- hyphae --- antimicrobial peptide --- EDTA --- primary ciliary dyskinesia --- anti-virulence --- sputum --- chronic infection --- Enterobacterales --- Klebsiella --- Enterobacter --- Citrobacter --- antibiotic resistance --- biofilm --- SPATEs --- UTIs --- cytotoxicity --- serine proteases --- 5637 bladder cells --- mucin --- gelatin --- actin --- protease Lon --- Dickeya solani --- plant pathogen --- motility --- type III secretion system --- resistance to stress --- lon expression --- pectinolytic enzymes --- gene expression --- manipulation --- inflammation --- persistence --- replicative niche --- actin proteolysis --- metalloproteinases --- protease ECP 32 --- grimelysin --- protealysin --- bacterial invasion --- microbial virulence factors --- bacterial pathogens --- fungal pathogens --- Aeromonas hydrophila --- LysR-family --- ΔlahS --- global regulator --- virulence --- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum --- SsNsd1 --- compound appressorium --- two-dimensional electrophoresis --- proteomics analysis --- differential expression proteins --- cystic fibrosis --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- Burkholderia cepacia complex --- small noncoding regulatory RNAs --- pathogenicity --- usg --- truA --- Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium --- oxidative stress --- intracellular survival --- pathogenomics --- coagulase-negative staphylococci --- virulence factors --- whole genome sequencing --- autotransporter --- covalent labeling --- bacterial surface protein --- SpyCatcher --- topology mapping --- virulence factor --- Candida --- host-pathogen interaction --- biofilm formation --- morphology --- immune evasion --- Trueperella pyogenes --- pyolysin --- infection --- immune response --- Actinomycetales --- Bordetella pertussis --- Hfq --- omics analysis --- T3SS --- serum resistance --- solute-binding proteins --- phytoplasma --- effector protein --- apple --- apple proliferation --- bacteria --- blood–brain barrier --- blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- meningitis --- outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) --- Candida albicans --- antimicrobial peptides --- complement --- interspecies interactions --- inter-kingdom protection --- fungicidal activity --- fluconazole --- hyphae --- antimicrobial peptide --- EDTA --- primary ciliary dyskinesia --- anti-virulence --- sputum --- chronic infection --- Enterobacterales --- Klebsiella --- Enterobacter --- Citrobacter --- antibiotic resistance --- biofilm --- SPATEs --- UTIs --- cytotoxicity --- serine proteases --- 5637 bladder cells --- mucin --- gelatin --- actin --- protease Lon --- Dickeya solani --- plant pathogen --- motility --- type III secretion system --- resistance to stress --- lon expression --- pectinolytic enzymes --- gene expression --- manipulation --- inflammation --- persistence --- replicative niche --- actin proteolysis --- metalloproteinases --- protease ECP 32 --- grimelysin --- protealysin --- bacterial invasion --- microbial virulence factors --- bacterial pathogens --- fungal pathogens