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This work offers a detailed analysis of Puritan iconoclasm in England during the 1640s, looking at the reasons for the resurgence of image-breaking a hundred years after the break with Rome, and the extent of the phenomenon. Initially a reaction to the emphasis on ceremony and the 'beauty of holiness' under Archbishop Laud, the attack on 'innovations', such as communion rails, images and stained glass windows, developed into a major campaign driven forward by the Long Parliament as part of its religious reformation. Increasingly radical legislation targeted not just 'new popery', but pre-Reformation survivals and a wide range of objects (including some which had been acceptable to the Elizabethan and Jacobean Church). The book makes a detailed survey of parliament's legislation against images, considering the question of how and how far this legislation was enforced generally, with specific case studies looking at the impact of the iconoclastic reformation in London, in the cathedrals and at the universities. Parallel to this official movement was an unofficial one undertaken by Parliamentary soldiers, whose violent destructiveness became notorious. The significance of this spontaneous action and the importance of the anti-Catholic and anti-Episcopal feelings that it represented are also examined. Shortlisted for Historians of British Art Book Prize for 2003. Dr JULIE SPRAGGON is at the Institute for Historical Research, University of London.

Iconoclasm --- Puritans --- Iconoclasme --- Puritains --- History --- Histoire --- England --- Angleterre --- Church history --- Histoire religieuse --- Great Britain --- Religious aspects --- Christianity. --- Idols and images --- Worship --- Anti-Catholic. --- Anti-Episcopal. --- Archbishop Laud. --- Cathedrals. --- Ceremony. --- English Civil War. --- Iconoclasm. --- Image-breaking. --- London. --- Parliament. --- Puritan. --- Reformation. --- Universities.

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Women and the Orange Order examines the growth and activism of Orange women in England, Scotland and Canada since the mid-nineteenth century and argues that they were central to the development of Orange associational culture up to the Second World War. This study also explores how women were key participants in the formation of diasporic connections throughout the British world, building on links created by migration and the Empire. It reveals that the ordinary - and largely working-class - women who joined the Orange Order eagerly engaged in the public lives of their communities, in conservative politics and in upholding the ideologies of the British Empire.In its examination of gender, ethnicity, class and imperialism, Women and the Orange Order will appeal to readers interested in the history of the Irish diaspora, women's public activism and the British Empire.

Women --- Women in politics --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Political activity. --- Political activity --- History. --- Orange Order. --- Orange Order --- LOI --- Loyal Orange Institution --- Ordre d'orange --- Orange Society --- Great Britain. --- Anglia --- Angliyah --- Briṭanyah --- England and Wales --- Förenade kungariket --- Grã-Bretanha --- Grande-Bretagne --- Grossbritannien --- Igirisu --- Iso-Britannia --- Marea Britanie --- Nagy-Britannia --- Prydain Fawr --- Royaume-Uni --- Saharātchaʻānāčhak --- Storbritannien --- United Kingdom --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland --- Velikobritanii͡ --- Wielka Brytania --- Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta --- Northern Ireland --- Scotland --- Wales --- Battle of the Diamond. --- British imperial identity. --- Canada. --- Catholics. --- England. --- Irish Protestant society. --- Irish politics. --- Irish sectarian violence. --- LOBA. --- Orange sisters. --- Protestantism. --- Scotland. --- anti-Catholic bulwark. --- diasporic networks. --- masculinist brotherhood. --- migration. --- political activism. --- public work. --- working-class women.

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A major new history of how the Enlightenment transformed people's everyday livesThe Secular Enlightenment is a panoramic account of the radical ways that life began to change for ordinary people in the age of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau. In this landmark book, familiar Enlightenment figures share places with voices that have remained largely unheard until now, from freethinkers and freemasons to French materialists, anticlerical Catholics, pantheists, pornographers, readers, and travelers.Margaret Jacob, one of our most esteemed historians of the Enlightenment, reveals how this newly secular outlook was not a wholesale rejection of Christianity but rather a new mental space in which to encounter the world on its own terms. She takes readers from London and Amsterdam to Berlin, Vienna, Turin, and Naples, drawing on rare archival materials to show how ideas central to the emergence of secular democracy touched all facets of daily life. Human frailties once attributed to sin were now viewed through the lens of the newly conceived social sciences. People entered churches not to pray but to admire the architecture, and spent their Sunday mornings reading a newspaper or even a risqué book. The secular-minded pursued their own temporal and commercial well-being without concern for the life hereafter, regarding their successes as the rewards for their actions, their failures as the result of blind economic forces.A majestic work of intellectual and cultural history, The Secular Enlightenment demonstrates how secular values and pursuits took hold of eighteenth-century Europe, spilled into the American colonies, and left their lasting imprint on the Western world for generations to come.

Secularism --- Enlightenment. --- History --- Americas. --- Celestino Galiani. --- Christian theology. --- Christian time. --- Christianity. --- Edinburgh. --- French Enlightenment. --- German Enlightenment. --- German universities. --- Inquisition. --- Italian Enlightenment. --- Italian intellectual circles. --- Leibniz. --- Locke. --- Milan. --- Naples. --- Napoleon. --- Newtonian optics. --- Romantics. --- Rousseau. --- Scotland. --- Scottish Enlightenment. --- Secular Enlightenment. --- Voltaire. --- Westphalia. --- absolutism. --- anti-Catholic. --- anticlerical. --- atheism. --- calendar. --- censorship. --- clocks. --- commerce. --- educated elite. --- educated people. --- eighteenth-century philosophes. --- enlightened attitudes. --- enlightened ideas. --- enlightened people. --- enlightened thinking. --- expansion. --- human time. --- intellectuals. --- materialism. --- modern time. --- new science. --- organized religion. --- philosophes. --- pocket watches. --- political instability. --- political structures. --- pornography. --- presbyterian clergy. --- religion. --- religiosity. --- religious authority. --- religious questions. --- religious warfare. --- revolution. --- revolutionary ideals. --- revolutions. --- secular Enlightenment. --- secular democracy. --- secular lives. --- secular order. --- secular outlook. --- secular world. --- secular. --- secularity. --- secularization. --- spatial reality. --- terrestrial space. --- time. --- university professors. --- urban elite.

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