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What is man? This book examines Derrida's contribution to this long-standing philosophical and political debate, which has typically evoked a significant division between human beings and other animals. Derrida pays close attention to how animals are used to explore humanity in a range of writings, including fables and fiction. This leads to ethical questions about how humans treat animals: sacrificing animals (say, in factory farms) while extending love to pets. And it leads to political questions about how we dehumanise 'outsiders', from historical matters such as colonialism and slavery to contemporary issues such as state terror in response to 'rogue states'.

Animals (Philosophy) --- Human beings --- Animal nature of human beings --- Philosophical anthropology --- Philosophy --- Animal nature. --- aDerrida, Jacques. --- Derrida, Jacques.

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Philosophical anthropology. --- Human beings --- Anthropologie philosophique --- Homme --- Animal nature. --- Animalité --- Animalité --- Philosophical anthropology --- Anthropology, Philosophical --- Man (Philosophy) --- Civilization --- Life --- Ontology --- Humanism --- Persons --- Philosophy of mind --- Animal nature of human beings --- Animal nature --- Philosophy

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Dominick LaCapra's History and Its Limits articulates the relations among intellectual history, cultural history, and critical theory, examining the recent rise of "Practice Theory" and probing the limitations of prevalent forms of humanism. LaCapra focuses on the problem of understanding extreme cases, specifically events and experiences involving violence and victimization. He asks how historians treat and are simultaneously implicated in the traumatic processes they attempt to represent. In addressing these questions, he also investigates violence's impact on various types of writing and establishes a distinctive role for critical theory in the face of an insufficiently discriminating aesthetic of the sublime (often unreflectively amalgamated with the uncanny).In History and Its Limits, LaCapra inquires into the related phenomenon of a turn to the "postsecular," even the messianic or the miraculous, in recent theoretical discussions of extreme events by such prominent figures as Giorgio Agamben, Eric L. Santner, and Slavoj Zizek. In a related vein, he discusses Martin Heidegger's evocative, if not enchanting, understanding of "The Origin of the Work of Art." LaCapra subjects to critical scrutiny the sometimes internally divided way in which violence has been valorized in sacrificial, regenerative, or redemptive terms by a series of important modern intellectuals on both the far right and the far left, including Georges Sorel, the early Walter Benjamin, Georges Bataille, Frantz Fanon, and Ernst Jünger.Violence and victimization are prominent in the relation between the human and the animal. LaCapra questions prevalent anthropocentrism (evident even in theorists of the "posthuman") and the long-standing quest for a decisive criterion separating or dividing the human from the animal. LaCapra regards this attempt to fix the difference as misguided and potentially dangerous because it renders insufficiently problematic the manner in which humans treat other animals and interact with the environment.In raising the issue of desirable transformations in modernity, History and Its Limits examines the legitimacy of normative limits necessary for life in common and explores the disconcerting role of transgressive initiatives beyond limits (including limits blocking the recognition that humans are themselves animals).

Violence --- Animals (Philosophy) --- Human beings --- Intellectual life --- Historiography. --- Philosophy --- Animal nature of human beings --- Philosophical anthropology --- Intellectual history --- Historical criticism --- History --- Authorship --- Philosophy. --- Animal nature. --- History. --- Criticism --- Historiography --- violence and victimization, anthropocentrism, Practice Theory, violences effect on history.

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The aim of this Element is to provide a novel framework for gaining a critical grasp on the present situation concerning animals. It offers reflections on resisting the established order as well as suggestions on what forms alternative, pro-animal ways of life might take. The central argument of the book is that the search for an anthropological difference - that is, for a marker of human uniqueness determined by way of a sharp human/animal distinction - should be set aside. In place of this traditional way of differentiating human beings from animals, the author sketches an alternative way of thinking and living in relation to animals based on indistinction, a concept that points toward the unexpected and profound ways in which human beings share in animal life, death, and potentiality. The implications of this approach are then examined in view of practical and theoretical discussions in the environmental humanities and related fields.

Philosophical anthropology. --- Human beings --- Distinction (Philosophy) --- Difference (Philosophy) --- Philosophy --- Animal nature of human beings --- Philosophical anthropology --- Anthropology, Philosophical --- Man (Philosophy) --- Civilization --- Life --- Ontology --- Humanism --- Persons --- Philosophy of mind --- Animal nature.

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Souvent je me demande, moi, pour voir, qui je suis - et qui je suis au moment où, surpris nu, en silence, par le regard d'un animal, par exemple les yeux d'un chat, j'ai du mal, oui, du mal à surmonter une gêne. Pourquoi ce mal ? J'ai du mal à réprimer un mouvement de pudeur. Du mal à faire taire en moi une protestation contre l'indécence. Contre la malséance qu'il peut y avoir à se trouver nu, le sexe exposé, à poil devant un chat qui vous regarde sans bouger, juste pour voir. Malséance de tel animal nu devant l'autre animal, dès lors, on dirait une sorte d'animalséance l'expérience originale, une et incomparable de cette malséance qu'il y aurait à paraître nu en vérité, devant le regard insistant de l'animal, un regard bienveillant ou sans pitié, étonné ou reconnaissant. Un regard de voyant, de visionnaire ou d'aveugle extra-lucide. C'est comme si j'avais honte, alors, nu devant le chat, mais aussi honte d'avoir honte. Réflexion de la honte, miroir d'une honte honteuse d'elle-même, d'une honte à la fois spéculaire, injustifiable et inavouable. Au centre optique d'une telle réflexion se trouverait la chose - et à mes yeux le foyer de cette expérience incomparable qu'on appelle la nudité. Et dont on croit qu'elle est le propre de l'homme, c'est-à-dire étrangère aux animaux, nus qu'ils sont, pense-t-on alors, sans la moindre conscience de l'être. Honte de quoi et nu devant qui ? Pourquoi se laisser envahir de honte ? Et pourquoi cette honte qui rougit d'avoir honte ? Devant le chat qui me regarde nu, aurais-je honte comme une bête qui n'a plus le sens de sa nudité ? Ou au contraire honte comme un homme qui garde le sens de la nudité ? Qui suis-je alors ? Qui est-ce que je suis ? A qui le demander sinon à l'autre ? Et peut-être au chat lui-même ?

Animals (Philosophy) --- Human beings --- Animal nature --- French philosophy --- 20th-21st centuries --- Animal nature of human beings --- Philosophical anthropology --- Philosophy --- Metaphysics --- Animal. --- Animalité. --- Animals (Philosophy). --- Animaux (Philosophie). --- Conscience. --- Djur --- Homme --- Homme. --- Honte. --- Nudité. --- Philosophie. --- Teori, filosofi. --- Animal nature. --- Human beings - Animal nature --- Acqui 2006