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This pioneering study looks at the effects of prenatal testosterone on postnatal development and behavior. Hormonal effects on behavior have long been studied in animals; the unique contribution of this book is to suggest a connection between human fetal hormones and later behavior. It details for the first time testosterone's effect on social and language development, opening a new avenue of research for cognitive neuroscience. The authors look at samples of amniotic fluid taken during amniocentesis at 16 weeks' gestation, and relate the fetal level of testosterone (which is present in fetuses of both sexes, although in different quantities) to behavior at ages 1, 2, and 4 years. They argue that the amniotic fluid provides a window into the child's past -- a chemical record of that child's time in the womb -- that allows informed prediction about the child's future brain, mind, and behavior. This is not the retrospective speculation of psychoanalysis, they point out, but an opportunity to study development prospectively and trace developmental precursors and causes of later cognition. The study suggests that prenatal levels of testosterone affect a range of later behaviors in children, from the inclination to make eye contact with others to the size of the vocabulary. It also suggests that prenatal testosterone level may be related to the development of typically "masculine" and "feminine" behaviors. The study's ongoing research explores whether fetal testosterone has any link with the risk of developing autism. Connecting endocrinology and psychology, the authors propose that there is a biological component to behaviors often thought to be produced by the social environment.

Amniotic liquid --- Fetus --- Testosterone --- Child Development --- Fetal Development --- Embryonic Development --- Embryonic and Fetal Development --- Testosterone Congeners --- Human Development --- Androstenols --- Reproduction --- Morphogenesis --- Androstenes --- Growth and Development --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Gonadal Steroid Hormones --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Reproductive Physiological Processes --- Gonadal Hormones --- Androstanes --- Physiological Processes --- Hormones --- Reproductive Physiological Phenomena --- Steroids --- Physiological Phenomena --- Polycyclic Compounds --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomena --- Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists --- Phenomena and Processes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Gynecology & Obstetrics --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Analysis --- Growth --- Testosterone. --- Analysis. --- Growth. --- Reproductive Physiologic Concepts --- Reproductive Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive Physiological Process --- Reproductive Physiological Concepts --- Concept, Reproductive Physiologic --- Concept, Reproductive Physiological --- Concepts, Reproductive Physiologic --- Concepts, Reproductive Physiological --- Phenomena, Reproductive Physiological --- Phenomenon, Reproductive Physiological --- Physiologic Concept, Reproductive --- Physiologic Concepts, Reproductive --- Physiological Concept, Reproductive --- Physiological Process, Reproductive --- Physiological Processes, Reproductive --- Process, Reproductive Physiological --- Processes, Reproductive Physiological --- Reproductive Physiologic Concept --- Reproductive Physiological Concept --- Hormones, Substitutes, Antagonists --- Physiology, Reproductive and Urinary --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Concepts --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Concepts --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiology --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Phenomena --- Compounds, Polycyclic --- Physiological Concepts --- Physiological Phenomenon --- Physiological Process --- Concept, Physiological --- Concepts, Physiological --- Phenomena, Physiological --- Phenomenas, Physiological --- Phenomenon, Physiological --- Physiological Concept --- Process, Physiological --- Processes, Physiological --- Catatoxic Steroids --- Steroids, Catatoxic --- Hormone --- Hormone Receptor Agonists --- Agonists, Hormone Receptor --- Receptor Agonists, Hormone --- Hormones, Gonadal --- Sex Hormones --- Sex Steroid Hormones --- Hormones, Gonadal Steroid --- Hormones, Sex Steroid --- Steroid Hormones, Gonadal --- Steroid Hormones, Sex --- Development and Growth --- Human Reproductive Index --- Human Reproductive Indexes --- Reproductive Period --- Human Reproductive Indices --- Index, Human Reproductive --- Indexes, Human Reproductive --- Indices, Human Reproductive --- Period, Reproductive --- Periods, Reproductive --- Reproductive Index, Human --- Reproductive Indices, Human --- Reproductive Periods --- Development, Human --- Anabolic Steroids --- Androgen Analogs --- Androgen Analogues --- Androgens, Synthetic --- Synthetic Androgens --- Analogs, Androgen --- Analogues, Androgen --- Steroids, Anabolic --- Prenatal Programming --- Embryo and Fetal Development --- Programming, Prenatal --- 17-beta-Hydroxy-4-Androsten-3-one --- 17-beta-Hydroxy-8 alpha-4-Androsten-3-one --- 8-Isotestosterone --- AndroGel --- Androderm --- Andropatch --- Androtop --- AstraZeneca Brand of Testosterone --- Auxilium Pharmaceuticals Inc. Brand of Testosterone --- Bartor Brand of Testosterone --- CEPA Brand of Testosterone --- Dr. Kade Brand of Testosterone --- Faulding Brand of Testosterone --- Ferring Brand of Testosterone --- GlaxoSmithKline Brand of Testosterone --- Hauck Brand of Testosterone --- Histerone --- Ortho Brand of Testosterone --- Paladin Brand of Testosterone --- Pasadena Brand of Testosterone --- Schering Brand of Testosterone --- SmithKline Beecham Brand of Testosterone --- Solvay Brand of Testosterone --- Sterotate --- Sustanon --- Testim --- Testoderm --- Testolin --- Testopel --- Testosterone Sulfate --- Ulmer Brand of Testosterone --- Unimed Brand of Testosterone --- Watson Brand of Testosterone --- 17 beta Hydroxy 4 Androsten 3 one --- 17 beta Hydroxy 8 alpha 4 Androsten 3 one --- 8 Isotestosterone --- Embryonic Programming --- Post-implantation Embryo Development --- Postnidation Embryo Development --- Postnidation Embryo Development, Animal --- Pre-implantation Embryo Development --- Prenidation Embryo Development, Animal --- Embryo Development --- Embryogenesis --- Postimplantation Embryo Development --- Preimplantation Embryo Development --- Development, Embryo --- Development, Embryonic --- Development, Postnidation Embryo --- Embryo Development, Post-implantation --- Embryo Development, Postimplantation --- Embryo Development, Postnidation --- Embryo Development, Pre-implantation --- Embryo Development, Preimplantation --- Embryonic Developments --- Embryonic Programmings --- Post implantation Embryo Development --- Pre implantation Embryo Development --- Embryo, Mammalian --- Embryo, Nonmammalian --- Fetal Growth --- Fetal Programming --- Development, Fetal --- Fetal Programmings --- Growth, Fetal --- Infant Development --- Development, Child --- Development, Infant --- Fetal growth --- Intrauterine growth --- Liquor amnii --- growth & development --- Hydroxyandrostenes --- Endocrine Disruptors --- Hydrocarbons, Cyclic --- Endocrine Glands --- Developmental Biology --- Epigenesis, Genetic --- Psychology, Developmental --- Beginning of Human Life --- Psychology, Child --- Androgens --- Body fluids --- Embryology --- Pregnancy --- Humans --- NEUROSCIENCE/General