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Performance evaluation is at the foundation of computer architecture research and development. Contemporary microprocessors are so complex that architects cannot design systems based on intuition and simple models only. Adequate performance evaluation methods are absolutely crucial to steer the research and development process in the right direction. However, rigorous performance evaluation is non-trivial as there are multiple aspects to performance evaluation, such as picking workloads, selecting an appropriate modeling or simulation approach, running the model and interpreting the results using meaningful metrics. Each of these aspects is equally important and a performance evaluation method that lacks rigor in any of these crucial aspects may lead to inaccurate performance data and may drive research and development in a wrong direction. The goal of this book is to present an overview of the current state-of-the-art in computer architecture performance evaluation, with a special emphasis on methods for exploring processor architectures. The book focuses on fundamental concepts and ideas for obtaining accurate performance data. The book covers various topics in performance evaluation, ranging from performance metrics, to workload selection, to various modeling approaches including mechanistic and empirical modeling. And because simulation is by far the most prevalent modeling technique, more than half the book's content is devoted to simulation. The book provides an overview of the simulation techniques in the computer designer's toolbox, followed by various simulation acceleration techniques including sampled simulation, statistical simulation, parallel simulation and hardware-accelerated simulation.

Computer architecture -- Evaluation. --- Computer architecture. --- Computer simulation. --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Computer architecture --- Electronic digital computers --- Evaluation. --- Architecture, Computer --- Performance evaluation --- Performance metrics --- Workload characterization --- Analytical modeling --- Architectural simulation --- Sampled simulation --- Statistical simulation --- Parallel simulation --- FPGA-accelerated simulation --- Mathematical models.

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This book is a comprehensive set of articles reflecting the latest advances and developments in mathematical modeling and the design of electrical machines for different applications. The main models discussed are based on the: i) Maxwell–Fourier method (i.e., the formal resolution of Maxwell’s equations by using the separation of variables method and the Fourier’s series in 2-D or 3-D with a quasi-Cartesian or polar coordinate system); ii) electrical, thermal and magnetic equivalent circuit; iii) hybrid model. In these different papers, the numerical method and the experimental tests have been used as comparisons or validations.

surface-mounted PM machines --- torque pulsation --- magnet shape optimization --- analytical expression --- 2D --- electromagnetic performances --- finite iron relative permeability --- numerical --- sinusoidal current excitation --- subdomain technique --- switched reluctance machine --- scattering matrix --- Fourier analysis --- permanent magnet machines --- analytical modeling --- analytical model --- high-speed --- sleeve --- non-homogeneous permeability --- permanent-magnet --- partial differential equations --- separation of variable technique --- electrical machines --- surface inset permanent magnet --- electric machines --- permanent magnet motor --- rotating machines --- hybrid excitation --- magnetic equivalent circuits --- 3D finite element method --- eddy-current losses --- experiment --- hybrid model --- magnetic equivalent circuit --- Maxwell–Fourier method --- analytical method --- eddy-current --- finite-element analysis --- loss reduction --- permanent-magnet losses --- thermal analysis --- linear induction motors --- complex harmonic modeling --- hybrid analytical modeling --- 2D steady-state models --- multiphase induction machine --- reduced order --- rotor cage --- torque pulsations --- multi-phase --- segmentation --- synchronous machines --- thermal equivalence circuit --- Voronoï tessellation --- winding heads --- nodal method --- thermal resistances --- n/a --- Maxwell-Fourier method --- Voronoï tessellation

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The Special Issue Machining—Recent Advances, Applications and Challenges is intended as a humble collection of some of the hottest topics in machining. The manufacturing industry is a varying and challenging environment where new advances emerge from one day to another. In recent years, new manufacturing procedures have retained increasing attention from the industrial and scientific community. However, machining still remains the key operation to achieve high productivity and precision for high-added value parts. Continuous research is performed, and new ideas are constantly considered. This Special Issue summarizes selected high-quality papers which were submitted, peer-reviewed, and recommended by experts. It covers some (but not only) of the following topics: High performance operations for difficult-to-cut alloys, wrought and cast materials, light alloys, ceramics, etc.; Cutting tools, grades, substrates and coatings. Wear damage; Advanced cooling in machining: Minimum quantity of lubricant, dry or cryogenics; Modelling, focused on the reduction of risks, the process outcome, and to maintain surface integrity; Vibration problems in machines: Active and passive/predictive methods, sources, diagnosis and avoidance; Influence of machining in new concepts of machine–tool, and machine static and dynamic behaviors; Machinability of new composites, brittle and emerging materials; Assisted machining processes by high-pressure, laser, US, and others; Introduction of new analytics and decision making into machining programming. We wish to thank the reviewers and staff from Materials for their comments, advice, suggestions and invaluable support during the development of this Special Issue.

in situ estimation --- modeling --- simulation --- variable pitch --- X-ray diffraction --- cutting edge preparation --- plastic zone --- flank milling --- surface roughness --- power consumption --- cutting tool --- fatigue --- additive manufacturing --- optimization --- trochoidal step --- surface topography --- sinusoidal grid --- milling --- desirability approach --- electrochemical discharge machining --- fast simulation --- Inconel 718 --- secondary adhesion wear --- machinability --- hybrid stacks drilling --- cooling rate --- shape memory alloy --- residual stress --- diameter variation --- turning --- computer vision --- workholding --- on-machine monitoring --- chip morphology --- dry-cutting --- turning machine tools --- SACE-drilled hole depth --- residual stresses --- cryogenic machining --- prime machining costs --- PVD Ti0.41Al0.59N/Ti0.55Al0.45N coating --- single point incremental sheet forming --- butt weld joint --- dish angle --- machining characteristic --- DSC test --- segmented diamond blade --- cutting tool wear --- ultra-precision machining --- ceramics --- shape memory effect --- current density --- fractal dimension --- crack growth rate --- drilling --- force–temperature correlation through analytical modeling --- finite element model --- analytic solution --- aluminium --- taguchi method --- multi-objective optimization --- real-time prediction --- Gamma-TiAl --- cutting temperature --- EN 31 steel --- superalloys --- material-removal rate --- glass machining --- corner radius --- thin-wall machining --- vibration --- GPU --- titanium aluminides --- minimum quantity lubrication --- machining temperatures at two deformation zones --- finite element method --- roughness --- slight materials --- high computational efficiency --- dynamic --- adhesive --- heat transfer analysis --- connections --- stability --- vibrations --- trochoidal milling --- magnesium alloys --- specific cutting energy --- laser-assisted machining --- artificial neutral network --- microscopic analysis --- Milling stability --- topography --- weight loss --- modal testing --- sustainable machining --- dry --- damping --- ductile machining --- Inconel® 718 --- modelling --- cutting edge microgeometry --- electropulsing --- PCD --- cutting geometry --- fixture --- artificial neural networks --- spark-assisted chemical engraving --- machining --- specific energy consumption --- heat transfer search algorithm --- material removal rate --- prediction --- CFRP/UNS A92024 --- tool wear --- titanium alloy --- multi-beam laser --- chip compression ratio --- design of experiments --- concrete --- ANN --- titanium --- chatter --- response surface methodology --- machine tool --- superelastic nitinol --- optimal machining conditions --- machine vision --- steel sheet --- cutting process --- fracture mechanism --- self-excitation --- tool insert condition --- induction assisted milling --- hole quality --- GA --- titanium alloys --- microlens array --- parameter identification --- Taguchi method --- weld reinforcement --- slow tool servo --- cutting parameters --- flank super abrasive machining (SAM) --- stiffness properties --- grey relational analysis --- deflection --- computer numerical control --- grain density --- surface grinding --- the cutting force components --- Huber–Mises stress --- WEDM

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the manufacturing processes that warrants the attention of industrialists, researchers and scientists, because of its ability to produce materials with a complex shape without theoretical restrictions and with added functionalities. There are several advantages to employing additive manufacturing as the primary additive manufacturing process. However, there exist several challenges that need to be addressed systematically. A couple such issues are alloy design and process development. Traditionally alloys designed for conventional cast/powder metallurgical processes were fabricated using advanced AM processes. This is the wrong approach considering that the alloys should be coined based on the process characteristics and meta-stable nature of the process. Hence, we must focus on alloy design and development for AM that suits the AM processes. The AM processes, however, improve almost every day, either in terms of processing capabilities or processing conditions. Hence, the processing part warrants a section that is devoted to these advancements and innovations. Accordingly, the present Special Issue (book) focuses on two aspects of alloy development and process innovations. Here, 45 articles are presented covering different AM processes including selective laser melting, electron beam melting, laser cladding, direct metal laser sintering, ultrasonic consolidation, wire arc additive manufacturing, and hybrid manufacturing. I believe that this Special Issue bears is vital to the field of AM and will be a valuable addition.

microstructure --- slag --- crystallographic texture --- epoxy solder --- additive manufacturing --- substrate preheating --- thermosetting epoxy resin --- AlSi10Mg alloy --- impact --- residual stress --- stability lobe diagram --- laves phase --- vanadium --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- molten pool dynamic behavior --- scanning strategy --- pulse frequency --- thin-walled weak rigidity parts --- scanning --- aluminum --- elastic abrasive --- 2219 aluminum alloy --- Powder bed --- ABS --- laser energy density --- equivalent processing model --- composition --- numerical analysis --- scanning electron microscopy (SEM) --- Hastelloy X alloy --- regular mixing --- texture evolution --- graphene nano-sheets (GNSs) --- Electron Beam Melting --- powder bed fusion --- microstructural evolution --- Mg content --- cement --- bulk metallic glasses --- grain refinement --- Taguchi --- intermediate thermo-mechanical treatment --- valorization --- microstructure and properties --- arc current --- high computational efficiency --- powder properties --- dynamic characteristics --- composite materials --- CuAl2 phase --- rapid solidification --- magnetizer --- M300 mold steel --- circular economy --- titanium alloy --- Al–5Si alloy --- Al–Mg–Si alloy --- ultrasonic bonding --- water absorption --- disc brake --- support strategy --- inoculation --- arc additive manufacture --- 3D metal printing --- ultrafast laser --- Hot Isostatic Pressure --- arc additive manufacturing --- continuous carbon fiber --- performance characteristics --- process-damping --- intermetallic compound (IMC) --- interfaces --- direct metal laser sintering --- porosity --- nickel-based superalloy --- element segregation --- hydrophobicity --- H13 tool steel --- Cu50Zr43Al7 --- metal powders --- parameter optimization --- side spatters --- powder packing --- 3D printing --- precipitates --- n/a --- simulation --- laser cladding deposition --- melt pool size --- quenching rate --- Al–Mg alloy --- tailored properties --- workpiece scale --- fatigue --- laser cladding --- Ti-6Al-4V --- deformation --- quality of the as-built parts --- model --- milling --- wire feeding additive manufacturing --- martensitic transformation --- ball milling --- Inconel 718 --- ablation --- in-process temperature in MPBAM --- subgranular dendrites --- porosity reduction --- femtosecond --- paint bake-hardening --- Al6061 --- defects --- continuous dynamic recrystallization --- wear --- Additive manufacturing --- volumetric heat source --- Ti6Al4V alloy --- AlSi10Mg --- radial grooves --- GH4169 --- temperature and stress fields --- laser powder bed fusion --- metallic glasses --- numerical simulation --- latent heat --- divisional scanning --- wire lateral feeding --- laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) --- heat treatment --- thermal behaviour --- fused filament fabrication --- microstructures --- thermal conductivity --- 12CrNi2 alloy steel powder --- tensile strength --- hot stamping steel blanks --- multi-laser manufacturing --- aluminum alloys --- additive surface structuring --- parts design --- process parameters --- thermal stress analysis --- SLM process parameters --- nickel alloys --- Al–Si --- powder flowability --- laser power absorption --- refractory high-entropy alloy --- localized inductive heating --- mechanical properties --- selective laser melting --- storage energy --- concrete --- mechanical property --- gray cast iron --- constitutive model --- analytical modeling --- hot deformation --- epitaxial growth --- design --- flowability --- amorphous alloy --- PSO-BP neural network algorithm --- molten pool evolution --- microhardness measurement --- macro defects --- thermal capillary effects --- finite element analysis --- dynamic properties --- WxNbMoTa --- properties --- Al-5Si alloy --- Al-Mg-Si alloy --- Al-Mg alloy --- Al-Si

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It is difficult to imagine a modern society without rotating electric machines. Their use has been increasing not only in the traditional fields of application but also in more contemporary fields, including renewable energy conversion systems, electric aircraft, aerospace, electric vehicles, unmanned propulsion systems, robotics, etc. This has contributed to advances in the materials, design methodologies, modeling tools, and manufacturing processes of current electric machines, which are characterized by high compactness, low weight, high power density, high torque density, and high reliability. On the other hand, the growing use of electric machines and drives in more critical applications has pushed forward the research in the area of condition monitoring and fault tolerance, leading to the development of more reliable diagnostic techniques and more fault-tolerant machines. This book presents and disseminates the most recent advances related to the theory, design, modeling, application, control, and condition monitoring of all types of rotating electric machines.

History of engineering & technology --- core saturation --- cross-coupling inductance --- wound synchronous machines (WSM) --- signal injection --- position sensorless --- high-frequency model --- hybrid permanent magnet --- interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine --- magnet-axis-shifted --- reluctance torque --- Sensorless --- induction motors --- H_infinity --- drives --- vector control --- experimental implementation --- direct torque control --- duty cycle control --- harmonic currents --- six-phase induction motor --- torque ripple --- interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) --- sensorless control --- adaptive algorithm --- super-twisting sliding mode observer (STO) --- phase-locked loop (PLL) --- permanent-magnet vernier machine --- in-wheel direct-drive --- outer rotor --- overhang --- soft magnetic composite --- reaction sphere --- spherical motor --- structural design --- torque density optimization --- support vector machines --- finite element method --- induction motor --- smart-sensor --- stray flux --- time-frequency transforms --- wavelet entropy --- harmonic modeling method --- magnetic-geared machine --- hybrid electric vehicle --- magnetic field --- electromagnetic performance --- analytical modeling --- brushless DC motor --- commutation torque ripple --- back electromotive force --- multiphase machines --- fault-tolerance --- dual-channel --- brushless direct current motor with permanent magnet (BLDCM) --- switched reluctance motor (SRM) --- active flux --- stator flux observation --- super-twisting sliding-mode stator flux observer (STSMFO) --- deep-bar effect --- mathematical model --- estimation --- motor drives --- direct torque control (DTC) --- permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) --- maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) operation --- DTC with space-vector modulation (DTC-SVM) --- AFPMSM --- analytical algorithm --- vibration noise --- temperature field analysis --- SynRM --- irreversible demagnetization --- PMa-SynRM --- flux intensifying --- deadbeat current control --- PMSM servo motor drives --- auto tuning --- parameter identification --- periodic controller --- surface permanent magnet synchronous motor --- fault-tolerant system --- multi-channel --- quad-channel operation (QCO) --- triple-channel operation (TCO) --- dual-channel operation (DCO) --- single-channel operation (SCO) --- permanent magnet brushless direct current motor --- BLDCM --- double Fourier analysis --- current spectrum decomposition --- eddy current loss --- permanent magnet machine design --- cogging torque --- permanent magnet machine --- uneven magnets --- IPMSM --- uncertainty and disturbance estimator --- flux-weakening control --- double-cage induction motor --- improvement of motor reliability --- cage winding constructions --- direct start-up --- coupled electromagnetic-thermal model --- outer rotor inductor --- electric vehicle --- high-efficiency --- eco-friendly --- automation --- finite element analysis --- PMSM --- DOE --- optimization --- metamodeling --- adaptive robust control --- energy feedback --- particle swarm optimization --- torque optimal distribution method --- multiphase electric drives --- six-phase machines --- finite control set model predictive control --- predictive current control --- predictive torque control --- high frequency square-wave voltage --- interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) --- magnetic polarity detection --- rotor position estimation --- characteristics analysis --- fault detection --- stator fault --- rotor fault --- torque estimation --- finite control set mode predictive control --- duty cycle --- maximum torque per ampere --- permanent magnet synchronous motor --- acoustics --- boundary element method --- electric machines --- magneto-mechanics --- modeling --- noise --- vibro-acoustics --- efficiency --- line-start synchronous reluctance motor --- permanent magnet --- power factor --- multiphase --- induction --- motor --- space harmonics --- time harmonics --- injection --- high-speed permanent synchronous motor --- magnetic field characteristic --- iron loss --- stator structure --- online parameters estimation --- permanent magnet synchronous machines --- synchronous reluctance machines --- high frequency signal injection --- CMV --- modulation techniques --- PWM --- railway traction drives --- induction motor drives --- high-speed drives --- overmodulation and six-step operation --- electrical motors --- sot filling factor --- optimization algorithm --- windings --- magnetic wire --- filling factor optimization --- electric drive --- transmission shaft --- electric transmission line --- electrical and mechanical similarities --- kinematic structure --- equivalent circuit --- mathematical modelling --- failure --- detection --- diagnosis --- BLDC --- brushless --- systematic review --- rotor position --- BLDC motor --- sensor misalignment --- sizing methodology --- electrical machines --- thermal model --- electromagnetic model --- switched reluctance motor --- torque sharing functions --- firing angle modulation --- autonomous systems --- brushless synchronous generator --- electric power generation --- high speed generator --- high resistance connection --- fault-detection --- fault-tolerant control --- six-phase permanent magnet synchronous machines --- field-oriented control