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By focusing on how the idea of heroism on the battlefield helped construct, perpetuate, and challenge racial and gender hierarchies in the United States between World War I and the present, Warring over Valor provides fresh perspectives on the history of American military heroism. The book offers two major insights into the history of military heroism. First, it reveals a precarious ambiguity in the efforts of minorities such as African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, women, and gay men to be recognized as heroic soldiers. Paradoxically, America's heroism discourse allowed them to press their case for full membership in the nation, but doing so simultaneously validated the dichotomous interpretations of race and gender they repudiated. The ambiguous role of marginalized groups in war-related hero-making processes also testifies to this volume's second general insight: the durability and tenacity of the masculine warrior hero in U.S. society and culture. Warring over Valor bridges a gap in the historiography of heroism and military affairs.

Heroes --- History --- United States --- Armed Forces --- Minorities --- History, Military --- war, valor, race, gender, American, military, heroism, United States, Asian Americans, African Americans, Native Americans, women, gay men, masculine, hero.

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African American nurses --- Nursing --- Blacks --- Nursing Research --- African American nurses. --- Nursing. --- Societies, Nursing. --- Clinical nursing --- Nurses and nursing --- Nursing process --- Nursing Societies --- Nursing Society --- Society, Nursing --- Afro-American nurses --- Negro nurses --- Nurses, African American --- Care of the sick --- Medicine --- African Americans in medicine --- Nurses --- African Americans --- Societies, Nursing --- Americans, African --- Research, Nursing --- Nursings --- African-Americans --- African-American --- Health Sciences --- General and Others --- verpleegkunde --- African Americans. --- Nursing Research. --- African American --- Afro-American --- Afro-Americans --- Afro American --- Afro Americans --- American, African --- Black Americans --- American, Black --- Americans, Black --- Black American --- Negro --- Negroes --- Black or African American

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"Why, at the peak of the Jim Crow era early in the twentieth century, did life expectancy for African Americans rise dramatically? And why, when public officials were denying African Americans access to many other public services, did public water and sewer service for African Americans improve and expand? Using the qualitative and quantitative tools of demography, economics, geography, history, law, and medicine, Werner Troesken shows that the answers to these questions are closely connected. Arguing that in this case, racism led public officials not to deny services but to improve them - the only way to "protect" white neighborhoods against waste from black neighborhoods was to install water and sewer systems in both - Troesken shows that when cities and towns had working water and sewer systems, typhoid and other waterborne diseases were virtually eradicated. This contributed to the great improvements in life expectancy (both in absolute terms and relative to whites) among urban blacks between 1900 and 1940. Citing recent demographic and medical research findings that early exposure to typhoid increases the probability of heart problems later in life, Troesken argues that building water and sewer systems not only reduced waterborne disease rates, it also improved overall health and reduced mortality from other diseases." "Troesken draws on many independent sources of evidence, including data from the Negro Mortality Project, econometric analysis of waterborne disease rates in blacks and whites, analysis of case law on discrimination in the provision of municipal services, and maps showing the location of black and white households. He argues that all evidence points to one conclusion: that there was much less discrimination in the provision of public water and sewer systems than would seem likely in the era of Jim Crow."--BOOK JACKET.

Health and race --- African Americans --- Waterborne infection --- Sanitary Engineering --- Communicable Diseases --- Water Pollution --- Engineering --- Sanitation --- Environmental Pollution --- Infection --- African Continental Ancestry Group --- Environmental Health --- Ethnic Groups --- Communicable Disease Control --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Continental Population Groups --- Public Health --- Population Groups --- Health Occupations --- Environment and Public Health --- Persons --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Diseases --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Public Health Practice --- Named Groups --- Health Care --- Ethnic Minorities & Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- History. --- Social conditions. --- Health and hygiene --- Prevention --- Social conditions --- history --- ethnology --- adverse effects --- History --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Health Practice, Public --- Health Practices, Public --- Practice, Public Health --- Practices, Public Health --- Public Health Practices --- Person --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Occupation, Health --- Occupations, Health --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- Indigenous Population --- Native-Born --- Natives --- Tribes --- Group, Population --- Groups, Population --- Indigenous Populations --- Native Born --- Population Group --- Population, Indigenous --- Populations, Indigenous --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Race --- Racial Stocks --- Continental Population Group --- Group, Continental Population --- Groups, Continental Population --- Population Group, Continental --- Population Groups, Continental --- Races --- Racial Stock --- Stock, Racial --- Stocks, Racial --- Parasite Control --- Control, Communicable Disease --- Control, Parasite --- Nationality --- Ethnic Group --- Group, Ethnic --- Groups, Ethnic --- Nationalities --- Environmental Health Science --- Health, Environmental --- Environmental Health Sciences --- Environmental Healths --- Health Science, Environmental --- Health Sciences, Environmental --- Healths, Environmental --- Science, Environmental Health --- Sciences, Environmental Health --- Negro --- Negroid Race --- Blacks --- Negroes --- Negroid Races --- Race, Negroid --- Races, Negroid --- Infections --- Pollution, Environmental --- Soil Pollution --- Pollution, Soil --- Engineerings --- Plumbing --- Engineering, Sanitary --- Thermal Water Pollution --- Water Pollution, Thermal --- Pollution, Thermal Water --- Pollution, Water --- Pollutions, Thermal Water --- Pollutions, Water --- Thermal Water Pollutions --- Water Pollutions --- Water Pollutions, Thermal --- Americans, African --- Water-borne infection --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Infectious Diseases --- Communicable Disease --- Disease, Communicable --- Disease, Infectious --- Diseases, Communicable --- Diseases, Infectious --- Infectious Disease --- prevention & control --- Occupations --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Infectious Disease Medicine --- Disease Eradication --- Ecology --- Environmental Pollutants --- Medical anthropology --- Communicable diseases --- Water --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Disease Outbreaks --- Disease Transmission, Infectious --- Transmission --- Microbiology --- Ethnicity --- African-Americans --- African-American --- Race Factors --- Infection and Infestation --- Infections and Infestations --- Infestation and Infection --- Infestations and Infections --- Black people

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Legitimate Differences challenges the usual portrayal of current debates over thorny social issues including abortion, pornography, affirmative action, and surrogate mothering as moral debates. How can it be said that our debates oppose principles of life to those of liberty, principles of liberty to those of equality, principles of equality to those of fairness, and principles of fairness to those of integrity, when we as Americans share all these principles? Debates over such issues are not, Georgia Warnke argues, moral debates over which principles we should adopt. Rather, they are interpretive debates over the meanings of principles we already possess. Warnke traces the structure of these debates with reference to the work of Jane Austen, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Jürgen Habermas, and Bernard Williams. In separate chapters on surrogate mothering, affirmative action, abortion, and pornography she articulates new understandings of the meanings of some of our principles and shows the equal legitimacy of some different interpretations of the meanings of others. Finally, she suggests that the orientation of American public policy ought to be directed less at finding single canonical interpretations of our principles than at accommodating different legitimate understandings of them. The perspective offered by Legitimate Differences should have a significantly beneficial effect on public discussions.

Social ethics --- Social values --- Hermeneutics. --- Hermeneutics --- African Continental Ancestry Group --- Psychology, Social --- Social Control Policies --- Parents --- Culture --- Humanities --- Family --- Ethnic Groups --- Human Rights --- Sociology --- Ethics --- Principle-Based Ethics --- Political Systems --- Communications Media --- Obstetric Surgical Procedures --- Social Control, Formal --- Social Sciences --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Information Science --- Policy --- Population Groups --- Persons --- Surgical Procedures, Operative --- Nuclear Family --- Continental Population Groups --- Anthropology, Cultural --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Anthropology --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Named Groups --- Health Care --- Civil Rights --- Surrogate Mothers --- African Americans --- Bioethical Issues --- Family Relations --- Freedom --- Abortion, Induced --- Democracy --- Prejudice --- Public Policy --- Social Justice --- Philosophy --- Cultural Diversity --- Social Problems --- Literature --- Erotica --- Social Values --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Conditions --- United States --- Social policy --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Value Orientation --- Values, Social --- Value Orientations --- Eroticism --- Pornography --- Literatures --- Problem, Social --- Problems, Social --- Social Problem --- Cultural Pluralism --- Multiculturalism --- Pluralism --- Cultural Diversities --- Diversities, Cultural --- Diversity, Cultural --- Multiculturalisms --- Pluralism, Cultural --- Pluralisms --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Cultural Anthropology --- Ethnography --- Ethnographies --- Race --- Racial Stocks --- Continental Population Group --- Group, Continental Population --- Groups, Continental Population --- Population Group, Continental --- Population Groups, Continental --- Races --- Racial Stock --- Stock, Racial --- Stocks, Racial --- Philosophical Overview --- Hedonism --- Stoicism --- Overview, Philosophical --- Overviews, Philosophical --- Philosophical Overviews --- Philosophies --- Common Good --- Justice --- Obligations of Society --- Good, Common --- Justice, Social --- Migration Policy --- Population Policy --- Social Protection --- Social Policy --- Migration Policies --- Policies, Migration --- Policies, Population --- Policies, Public --- Policies, Social --- Policy, Migration --- Policy, Population --- Policy, Public --- Policy, Social --- Population Policies --- Protection, Social --- Public Policies --- Social Policies --- Equal Protection --- Legal Rights --- Voting Rights --- Due Process --- Civil Right --- Legal Right --- Protection, Equal --- Right, Civil --- Right, Legal --- Right, Voting --- Rights, Civil --- Rights, Legal --- Rights, Voting --- Voting Right --- Prejudices --- Democracies --- Abortion (Induced) --- Abortion Failure --- Abortion History --- Abortion Rate --- Abortion Technics --- Abortion Techniques --- Abortion, Drug-Induced --- Abortion, Rivanol --- Abortion, Saline-Solution --- Abortion, Soap-Solution --- Anti-Abortion Groups --- Fertility Control, Postconception --- Induced Abortion --- Previous Abortion --- Embryotomy --- Abortion Failures --- Abortion Histories --- Abortion Rates --- Abortion Technic --- Abortion Technique --- Abortion, Drug Induced --- Abortion, Previous --- Abortion, Saline Solution --- Abortion, Soap Solution --- Abortions (Induced) --- Abortions, Drug-Induced --- Abortions, Induced --- Abortions, Previous --- Abortions, Rivanol --- Abortions, Saline-Solution --- Abortions, Soap-Solution --- Anti Abortion Groups --- Anti-Abortion Group --- Drug-Induced Abortion --- Drug-Induced Abortions --- Embryotomies --- Failure, Abortion --- Failures, Abortion --- Group, Anti-Abortion --- Groups, Anti-Abortion --- Histories, Abortion --- History, Abortion --- Induced Abortions --- Postconception Fertility Control --- Previous Abortions --- Rate, Abortion --- Rates, Abortion --- Rivanol Abortion --- Rivanol Abortions --- Saline-Solution Abortion --- Saline-Solution Abortions --- Soap-Solution Abortion --- Soap-Solution Abortions --- Technic, Abortion --- Technics, Abortion --- Technique, Abortion --- Techniques, Abortion --- Libertarianism --- Liberty --- Freedoms --- Family Dynamics --- Family Relationships --- Family Relationship --- Dynamic, Family --- Dynamics, Family --- Family Dynamic --- Family Relation --- Relation, Family --- Relations, Family --- Relationship, Family --- Relationships, Family --- Bioethical Issue --- Issue, Bioethical --- Issues, Bioethical --- Americans, African --- Host Mothers --- Gestational Carriers --- Gestational Mothers --- Mothers, Gestational --- Mothers, Surrogate --- Carrier, Gestational --- Carriers, Gestational --- Gestational Carrier --- Gestational Mother --- Host Mother --- Mother, Gestational --- Mother, Host --- Mother, Surrogate --- Mothers, Host --- Surrogate Mother --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Daughters --- Sons --- Daughter --- Families, Nuclear --- Family, Nuclear --- Nuclear Families --- Son --- Ghost Surgery --- Operative Procedures --- Operative Surgical Procedure --- Operative Surgical Procedures --- Procedure, Operative Surgical --- Procedures, Operative Surgical --- Surgery, Ghost --- Surgical Procedure, Operative --- Operative Procedure --- Procedure, Operative --- Procedures, Operative --- Person --- Indigenous Population --- Native-Born --- Natives --- Tribes --- Group, Population --- Groups, Population --- Indigenous Populations --- Native Born --- Population Group --- Population, Indigenous --- Populations, Indigenous --- Policies --- Information Sciences --- Science, Information --- Sciences, Information --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Obstetric Surgical Procedure --- Obstetrical Surgery --- Obstetrical Surgical Procedures --- Procedure, Obstetric Surgical --- Procedures, Obstetric Surgical --- Surgery, Obstetric --- Surgical Procedure, Obstetric --- Surgical Procedures, Obstetric --- Obstetric Surgeries --- Obstetric Surgery --- Obstetrical Surgeries --- Obstetrical Surgical Procedure --- Procedure, Obstetrical Surgical --- Procedures, Obstetrical Surgical --- Surgeries, Obstetric --- Surgeries, Obstetrical --- Surgery, Obstetrical --- Surgical Procedure, Obstetrical --- Surgical Procedures, Obstetrical --- Media, Communications --- Political System --- System, Political --- Systems, Political --- Principlism --- Ethic, Principle-Based --- Ethics, Principle-Based --- Principle Based Ethics --- Principle-Based Ethic --- Egoism --- Ethical Issues --- Metaethics --- Moral Policy --- Natural Law --- Situational Ethics --- Ethical Issue --- Ethics, Situational --- Issue, Ethical --- Issues, Ethical --- Law, Natural --- Laws, Natural --- Moral Policies --- Natural Laws --- Policies, Moral --- Policy, Moral --- General Social Development and Population --- Equal Rights --- Equal Right --- Human Right --- Right, Equal --- Right, Human --- Rights, Equal --- Rights, Human --- Nationality --- Ethnic Group --- Group, Ethnic --- Groups, Ethnic --- Nationalities --- Negro --- Negroid Race --- Blacks --- Negroes --- Negroid Races --- Race, Negroid --- Races, Negroid --- Interpretation, Methodology of --- Extended Family --- Family Life Cycle --- Family Research --- Filiation --- Kinship Networks --- Relatives --- Family Life Cycles --- Family Members --- Family, Reconstituted --- Stepfamily --- Extended Families --- Families --- Families, Extended --- Families, Reconstituted --- Family Member --- Family, Extended --- Kinship Network --- Life Cycle, Family --- Life Cycles, Family --- Network, Kinship --- Networks, Kinship --- Reconstituted Families --- Reconstituted Family --- Research, Family --- Stepfamilies --- Beliefs --- Cultural Background --- Customs --- Background, Cultural --- Backgrounds, Cultural --- Belief --- Cultural Backgrounds --- Cultures --- Custom --- Parental Age --- Parenthood Status --- Stepparent --- Step-Parents --- Age, Parental --- Ages, Parental --- Parent --- Parental Ages --- Status, Parenthood --- Step Parents --- Step-Parent --- Stepparents --- Control Policies, Social --- Control Policy, Social --- Policies, Social Control --- Policy, Social Control --- Social Control Policy --- Social Psychology --- Psychologies, Social --- Social Psychologies --- U.S.A. --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Si︠e︡vero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- USA --- US --- Arhab --- Ar. ha-B. --- Artsot ha-Berit --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- ABSh --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- ABŞ --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Forente stater --- Spojené staty americké --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Yhdysvallat --- Verenigde Staten --- Egyesült Államok --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Estados Unidos de América --- United States of America --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- SShA --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- VSA --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Estados Unidos --- EE.UU. --- Stany Zjednoczone --- ĒPA --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- ZSA --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mei guo --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- U.S. --- America (Republic) --- Amirika Carékat --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- VS --- ولايات المتحدة --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- Istadus Unidus --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Bí-kok --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- AQSh --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- Yunaeted Stet --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- САЩ --- SASht --- Съединените щати --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Америка (Republic) --- Amerika (Republic) --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Stati Uniti --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ē.P.A. --- Usono --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi︠a︡vks Shtattnė --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- FS --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Stâts Unîts --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- S.U.A. --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- Mî-koet --- 미국 --- Miguk --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Value of Life --- Virtues --- Social Norms --- Ethical Relativism --- Qualitative Research --- Pharmacy Philosophy --- Pharmacy Philosophies --- Philosophies, Pharmacy --- Philosophy, Pharmacy --- Policy Making --- Race Relations --- Aborted Fetus --- Euthanasia --- Human Experimentation --- Patient Rights --- Animal Experimentation --- General Surgery --- Obstetrics --- Ethical Theory --- Censorship, Research --- Human Rights Abuses --- Criticism --- Grandparents --- Parental Consent --- Parental Notification --- African-Americans --- African-American --- Ethnicity --- Race Factors --- Psychology, Perceptual --- Perceptual Psychology --- Labor Exploitation --- Social Exploitation --- Exploitation, Labor --- Exploitation, Social --- Exploitations, Labor --- Material Culture --- Culture, Material --- Material Cultures --- Affirmative Action --- Action, Affirmative --- Minority Rights --- Minority Right --- Right, Minority --- Rights, Minority --- Anti-Semitism --- Islamophobia --- Anti Semitism --- Anti-Semitisms --- Islamophobias --- Freedom of Religion --- Religious Freedom --- Right to Movement --- Freedom, Religious --- Freedoms, Religious --- Movement, Right to --- Movements, Right to --- Religion Freedom --- Religion Freedoms --- Religious Freedoms --- Right to Movements --- to Movement, Right --- to Movements, Right --- Collective Human Rights --- Linguistic Rights --- Right to Housing and Shelter --- Rights of Indigenous Peoples --- Human Rights, Collective --- Indigenous Peoples Rights --- Rights, Collective Human --- Rights, Linguistic --- Cultural Relativism --- Cultural Relativisms --- Relativism, Cultural --- Relativisms, Cultural --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- Implicit Bias --- Bia, Implicit --- Bias, Implicit --- African American --- Afro-American --- Afro-Americans --- Afro American --- Afro Americans --- American, African --- Surgical Procedures --- Procedure, Surgical --- Procedures, Surgical --- Surgical Procedure --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Abortion --- Affirmative action programs --- Surrogate motherhood --- États-Unis --- É.-U. --- ÉU