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Ambition.

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Ambition

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Aspirations have become a common theme in empirical economics studies, but there is no unified understanding of the range of outcomes they influence, the factors that shape them, and how to measure them. This paper surveys this growing literature. The paper argues that there is compelling evidence to consider aspirations as a useful lens to analyze human behavior and development outcomes, at the individual and aggregate levels, in poorer and richer countries. The empirical evidence aligns with the theory that high aspirations can lead individuals to achieve better educational, labor market, and other outcomes and can contribute to making countries more equal and prosperous. The empirical evidence also confirms that the mix of social and circumstantial factors shaping aspirations tends to hinder the aspirations of the disadvantaged - such asthe poor, immigrants, and women - and can contribute tovicious circles of poverty, high inequality, low social mobility, and low growth. However, high aspirations should not be considered as an end in themselves as they can backfire, with deleterious effects, if unmatched with opportunities. Further, the paper argues that definitional and measurement issues can affect the understanding of the topic and that studies should more explicitly describe their measures of aspirations to ensure that divergent underlying concepts are not mistaken.

Ambition. --- Social surveys.

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"This book represents an approach to a scientific doctrine of the craving for superiority expressing a synthesis of two points of view, one psychological and the other psychopathological with their respective traditions and aims. We hope that it may act as a stimulus, not only for a better understanding of an important group of mental phenomena, but also for a more comprehensive and precise description of these phenomena, and for sounder practical systems which take them into account. Especially should it operate as a corrective in both fields for hasty and ill-considered generalizations. We do not intend to suggest a panacea for the amelioration of all abnormal personalities and we wish to avoid an oversimplification of the mental and bodily conditions of the psychopath. We are of the opinion, however, that the craving for superiority and the feeling of superiority are important and almost universal factors in human psychology and are worth studying as such. Furthermore, we believe that the cooperative approach which is represented in this study is one method among others which may help in the difficult task of understanding human nature"--Preface.

Personality. --- Ambition. --- Psychology, Pathological.

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Psychologie --- Psychology --- Mobilite sociale --- Ambition