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The Amazon rainforest, the world's largest and most biodiverse, represents a global public good of which 15 percent has already been lost. The worldwide value of preserving the remaining forest is today unknown. A "Delphi" exercise was conducted

Amazon Rainforest --- Delphi Exercise --- Non-Market Valuation Methods --- Stated Preferences

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This paper surveys the current state of knowledge concerning the value of the Amazon rainforest, including a survey of work to date to quantify changes in economic values when the rainforest cover changes. The focus is on local and regional impacts of forest loss or protection, including both gross values of forest protection and opportunity costs of converting the forest to other uses including agriculture. Important gross value items surveyed are timber and non-timber product extraction from a sustainably maintained rainforest; local values of eco-tourism; biological resources including bio-prospecting; a range of hydrological impacts including watershed protection, hydropower production, and changes in rainfall patterns; and impacts of forest fires and their control. Mapping such values in geographical space is of high value for implementing efficient and effective (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) programs for protecting the remaining forest. The current data basis for such mapping is found to be quite weak and in need of improvement for all value elements.

Amazon Rainforest --- Climate Change and Environment --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Deforestation --- Energy --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environmental Valuation --- Forestry --- Market And Non-Market Valuation Methods --- Wildlife Resources

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This Special Issue aims to provide new insights into the issue of the mercury contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This ubiquitous contaminant has been used by humans for many years, resulting in global contamination. When this toxic contaminant is converted to methylmercury, it accumulates in trophic chains, which is a major issue for wildlife and human health. The nine articles contained within this Special Issue on ‘‘Mercury and Methylmercury Contamination of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems’’ endeavour to identify the historical evolution of Hg and MeHg levels in aquatic environments, and to evaluate the impact of current and historical human activities, such as mining, climate change, and soil erosion, on receptor ecosystems and food chains.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Cytotoxicity --- erythrocytes --- methylmercury --- malondialdehyde --- in vitro --- superoxide dismutase --- mercury --- PQMI --- Palawan --- abandoned mines --- mine wastes --- sediments --- mussel --- mussel watch --- Mytilus --- St. Lawrence --- sediment --- water --- SPM --- gold mining --- French Guiana --- monomethylmercury --- water-sediment interface --- diel and seasonal cycles --- photodegradation --- particulate mercury --- suspended particulate matter --- particulate organic carbon --- Amazon rainforest --- mammoth fauna mammals --- hair --- environmental changes --- paleoclimate --- Pleistocene --- Yakutia --- lakes --- wet deposition --- ecological restoration --- mercury mobility --- microbial activities --- biogeochemistry --- gold mining activities --- Cytotoxicity --- erythrocytes --- methylmercury --- malondialdehyde --- in vitro --- superoxide dismutase --- mercury --- PQMI --- Palawan --- abandoned mines --- mine wastes --- sediments --- mussel --- mussel watch --- Mytilus --- St. Lawrence --- sediment --- water --- SPM --- gold mining --- French Guiana --- monomethylmercury --- water-sediment interface --- diel and seasonal cycles --- photodegradation --- particulate mercury --- suspended particulate matter --- particulate organic carbon --- Amazon rainforest --- mammoth fauna mammals --- hair --- environmental changes --- paleoclimate --- Pleistocene --- Yakutia --- lakes --- wet deposition --- ecological restoration --- mercury mobility --- microbial activities --- biogeochemistry --- gold mining activities

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This Special Issue aims to provide new insights into the issue of the mercury contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This ubiquitous contaminant has been used by humans for many years, resulting in global contamination. When this toxic contaminant is converted to methylmercury, it accumulates in trophic chains, which is a major issue for wildlife and human health. The nine articles contained within this Special Issue on ‘‘Mercury and Methylmercury Contamination of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems’’ endeavour to identify the historical evolution of Hg and MeHg levels in aquatic environments, and to evaluate the impact of current and historical human activities, such as mining, climate change, and soil erosion, on receptor ecosystems and food chains.

Cytotoxicity --- erythrocytes --- methylmercury --- malondialdehyde --- in vitro --- superoxide dismutase --- mercury --- PQMI --- Palawan --- abandoned mines --- mine wastes --- sediments --- mussel --- mussel watch --- Mytilus --- St. Lawrence --- sediment --- water --- SPM --- gold mining --- French Guiana --- monomethylmercury --- water–sediment interface --- diel and seasonal cycles --- photodegradation --- particulate mercury --- suspended particulate matter --- particulate organic carbon --- Amazon rainforest --- mammoth fauna mammals --- hair --- environmental changes --- paleoclimate --- Pleistocene --- Yakutia --- lakes --- wet deposition --- ecological restoration --- mercury mobility --- microbial activities --- biogeochemistry --- gold mining activities --- n/a --- water-sediment interface

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The idea of a family level society, discussed and disputed by anthropologists for nearly half a century, assumes moving, breathing form in Families of the Forest. According to Allen Johnson's deft ethnography, the Matsigenka people of southeastern Peru cannot be understood or appreciated except as a family level society; the family level of sociocultural integration is for them a lived reality. Under ordinary circumstances, the largest social units are individual households or small extended-family hamlets. In the absence of such "tribal" features as villages, territorial defense and warfare, local or regional leaders, and public ceremonials, these people put a premium on economic self-reliance, control of aggression within intimate family settings, and freedom to believe and act in their own perceived self-interest. Johnson shows how the Matsigenka, whose home is the Amazon rainforest, are able to meet virtually all their material needs with the skills and labor available to the individual household. They try to raise their children to be independent and self-reliant, yet in control of their emotional, impulsive natures, so that they can get along in intimate, cooperative living groups. Their belief that self-centered impulsiveness is dangerous and self-control is fulfilling anchors their moral framework, which is expressed in abundant stories and myths. Although, as Johnson points out, such people are often described in negative terms as lacking in features of social and cultural complexity, he finds their small-community lifestyle efficient, rewarding, and very well adapted to their environment.

Machiguenga Indians --- Machiguenga cosmology. --- Amachengue Indians --- Macheyenga Indians --- Machiganga Indians --- Manaries Indians --- Mashigango Indians --- Matshingenga Indians --- Matsigenga Indians --- Ugunichire Indians --- Indians of South America --- Cosmology, Machiguenga --- Cosmology --- Social life and customs. --- Kinship. --- Amazon River Region --- Amazonia --- amazon rainforest. --- anthropologists. --- anthropology. --- cultural anthropology. --- cultural framework. --- cultural social. --- discussion books. --- economic self reliance. --- ethnographers. --- ethnography. --- family level society. --- family settings. --- forest life. --- harsh conditions. --- household economy. --- indigenous peoples. --- matsigenka indians. --- native indians. --- nonfiction. --- peru. --- peruvian amazon. --- self reliance. --- social sciences. --- social studies. --- social units. --- sociocultural perspective. --- textbooks. --- theoretical. --- Jews --- Historical fiction --- History --- Identity --- History and criticism. --- Third Book of Maccabees --- Criticism, interpretation, etc.