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Semi-solid metal (SSM) processing, as a viable alternative manufacturing route to those of conventional casting and forging, has not yet been fully exploited despite nearly half a century since its introduction to the metal industry. The slow pace of adopting SSM routes may be due to various reasons, including capital costs, profit margins, and, most importantly, the lack of detailed analysis of various SSM processes in open literature to confidently establish their advantages over more conventional routes. Therefore, the SSM community must disseminate their findings more effectively to generate increased confidence in SSM processes in the eyes of our industrial leaders. As such, we have embarked on the task to invite the leaders in SSM research to share their findings in a Special Issue dedicated to semi-solid processing of metals and composites. SSM processing takes advantage of both forming and shaping characteristics usually employed for liquid and solid materials. In the absence of shear forces, the semi-solid metal has similar characteristics to solids, i.e., easily transferred and shaped; by applying a defined force, the viscosity is reduced and the material flows like a liquid. These unique dual characteristics have made SSM routes attractive alternatives to conventional casting on an industrial scale. With the intention of taking full advantage of SSM characteristics, it is crucial to understand SSM processing, including topics such as solidification and structural evolution, flow behavior through modelling and rheology, new processes and process control, alloy development, and properties in general. This Special Issue focuses on the recent research and findings in the field with the aim of filling the gap between industry and academia, and to shed light on some of the fundamentals of science and technology of semi-solid processing.

History of engineering & technology --- 7075 aluminum alloy --- thixoforming --- post-welding-heat treatment --- electron beam welding (EBW) --- nano-sized SiC particle --- wear rate --- friction coefficient --- rheoformed --- thixoformed --- semi-solid --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- wear --- corrosion --- Al-Si alloys --- rheocasting --- HPDC --- electrochemical evaluation --- rheological model --- semi-solid state --- Mg alloys --- high-temperature rheology --- rheological properties --- rheology --- semi-solid alloys --- thixotropy --- rheometer --- compression test --- viscosity --- semi-solid material --- A356 alloy --- electromagnetic stirring --- compression --- primary α-Al particle --- enclosed cooling slope channel --- ZCuSn10P1 --- microstructure refinement --- properties --- thixowelding --- thixojoining --- semisolid joining --- cold-work tool steel --- semisolid processing --- thixoformability --- Fe-rich Al-Si-Cu alloy --- 2024 aluminum matrix composites --- Al2O3 nanoparticles --- polarized light microscopy --- anodic etching --- EBSD --- grain --- globule --- Al-Si alloy --- semi-solid metal processing --- EMS --- thixocasting --- 7075 aluminum alloy --- thixoforming --- post-welding-heat treatment --- electron beam welding (EBW) --- nano-sized SiC particle --- wear rate --- friction coefficient --- rheoformed --- thixoformed --- semi-solid --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- wear --- corrosion --- Al-Si alloys --- rheocasting --- HPDC --- electrochemical evaluation --- rheological model --- semi-solid state --- Mg alloys --- high-temperature rheology --- rheological properties --- rheology --- semi-solid alloys --- thixotropy --- rheometer --- compression test --- viscosity --- semi-solid material --- A356 alloy --- electromagnetic stirring --- compression --- primary α-Al particle --- enclosed cooling slope channel --- ZCuSn10P1 --- microstructure refinement --- properties --- thixowelding --- thixojoining --- semisolid joining --- cold-work tool steel --- semisolid processing --- thixoformability --- Fe-rich Al-Si-Cu alloy --- 2024 aluminum matrix composites --- Al2O3 nanoparticles --- polarized light microscopy --- anodic etching --- EBSD --- grain --- globule --- Al-Si alloy --- semi-solid metal processing --- EMS --- thixocasting

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Powder metallurgy is a group of advanced processes used for the synthesis, processing, and shaping of various kinds of materials. Initially inspired by ceramics processing, the methodology comprising the production of a powder and its transformation to a compact solid product has attracted attention since the end of World War II. At present, many technologies are availabe for powder production (e.g., gas atomization of the melt, chemical reduction, milling, and mechanical alloying) and its consolidation (e.g., pressing and sintering, hot isostatic pressing, and spark plasma sintering). The most promising methods can achieve an ultra-fine or nano-grained powder structure, and preserve it during consolidation. Among these methods, mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering play a key role. This book places special focus on advances in mechanical alloying, spark plasma sintering, and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis methods, as well as on the role of these processes in the development of new materials.

History of engineering & technology --- in situ diffraction --- aluminides --- reactive sintering --- mechanism --- powder metallurgy --- iron silicide --- Fe–Al–Si alloy --- mechanical alloying --- spark plasma sintering --- characterization --- FeAlSi --- intermetallic alloys --- microstructure --- nanoindentation --- mechanical properties --- titanium aluminides and silicides --- casting --- heterophase magnesium matrix composite --- Mg2Si --- carbon nanotubes --- nanopowders de-agglomeration --- sintering --- biomaterials --- metallic composites --- powder technology --- zinc --- Ni-Ti alloy --- self-propagating high-temperature synthesis --- aging --- compressive test --- hardness --- shape memory --- maraging steel --- atomized powder --- selective laser melting --- heat treatment --- precipitation hardening --- self-healing --- aluminium alloy --- grain boundary diffusion --- Nd–Fe–B magnets --- hydrogenation --- magnetic properties --- MgAl2O4 --- lithium fluoride --- cobalt fluoride --- manganese fluoride --- grain growth --- compressive strength --- oxidation resistance --- wear --- multi principal element alloy --- tensile strength --- fracture --- ductility --- powder --- critical raw materials --- cutting tools --- new materials --- new machining methods --- modelling and simulation --- in situ diffraction --- aluminides --- reactive sintering --- mechanism --- powder metallurgy --- iron silicide --- Fe–Al–Si alloy --- mechanical alloying --- spark plasma sintering --- characterization --- FeAlSi --- intermetallic alloys --- microstructure --- nanoindentation --- mechanical properties --- titanium aluminides and silicides --- casting --- heterophase magnesium matrix composite --- Mg2Si --- carbon nanotubes --- nanopowders de-agglomeration --- sintering --- biomaterials --- metallic composites --- powder technology --- zinc --- Ni-Ti alloy --- self-propagating high-temperature synthesis --- aging --- compressive test --- hardness --- shape memory --- maraging steel --- atomized powder --- selective laser melting --- heat treatment --- precipitation hardening --- self-healing --- aluminium alloy --- grain boundary diffusion --- Nd–Fe–B magnets --- hydrogenation --- magnetic properties --- MgAl2O4 --- lithium fluoride --- cobalt fluoride --- manganese fluoride --- grain growth --- compressive strength --- oxidation resistance --- wear --- multi principal element alloy --- tensile strength --- fracture --- ductility --- powder --- critical raw materials --- cutting tools --- new materials --- new machining methods --- modelling and simulation

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Semi-solid metal (SSM) processing, as a viable alternative manufacturing route to those of conventional casting and forging, has not yet been fully exploited despite nearly half a century since its introduction to the metal industry. The slow pace of adopting SSM routes may be due to various reasons, including capital costs, profit margins, and, most importantly, the lack of detailed analysis of various SSM processes in open literature to confidently establish their advantages over more conventional routes. Therefore, the SSM community must disseminate their findings more effectively to generate increased confidence in SSM processes in the eyes of our industrial leaders. As such, we have embarked on the task to invite the leaders in SSM research to share their findings in a Special Issue dedicated to semi-solid processing of metals and composites. SSM processing takes advantage of both forming and shaping characteristics usually employed for liquid and solid materials. In the absence of shear forces, the semi-solid metal has similar characteristics to solids, i.e., easily transferred and shaped; by applying a defined force, the viscosity is reduced and the material flows like a liquid. These unique dual characteristics have made SSM routes attractive alternatives to conventional casting on an industrial scale. With the intention of taking full advantage of SSM characteristics, it is crucial to understand SSM processing, including topics such as solidification and structural evolution, flow behavior through modelling and rheology, new processes and process control, alloy development, and properties in general. This Special Issue focuses on the recent research and findings in the field with the aim of filling the gap between industry and academia, and to shed light on some of the fundamentals of science and technology of semi-solid processing.

History of engineering & technology --- 7075 aluminum alloy --- thixoforming --- post-welding-heat treatment --- electron beam welding (EBW) --- nano-sized SiC particle --- wear rate --- friction coefficient --- rheoformed --- thixoformed --- semi-solid --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- wear --- corrosion --- Al–Si alloys --- rheocasting --- HPDC --- electrochemical evaluation --- rheological model --- semi-solid state --- Mg alloys --- high-temperature rheology --- rheological properties --- rheology --- semi-solid alloys --- thixotropy --- rheometer --- compression test --- viscosity --- semi-solid material --- A356 alloy --- electromagnetic stirring --- compression --- primary α-Al particle --- enclosed cooling slope channel --- ZCuSn10P1 --- microstructure refinement --- properties --- thixowelding --- thixojoining --- semisolid joining --- cold-work tool steel --- semisolid processing --- thixoformability --- Fe-rich Al-Si-Cu alloy --- 2024 aluminum matrix composites --- Al2O3 nanoparticles --- polarized light microscopy --- anodic etching --- EBSD --- grain --- globule --- Al-Si alloy --- semi-solid metal processing --- EMS --- thixocasting --- n/a --- Al-Si alloys

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The characterization of the physical and chemical properties of transition metals and their compounds under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature has always attracted the interest of a wide scientific community. Their properties have numerous implications in fields ranging from solid-state physics, chemistry, and materials science to Earth and planetary science. The present Special Issue represents a good example of such a broad interest and shows some of the latest advancements in the investigation of transition metals under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature.

Technology: general issues --- vanadate --- kagome compound --- high pressure --- X-ray diffraction --- equation of state --- iodate --- infrared spectroscopy --- phase transitions --- grain refinement --- mechanical properties --- commercial purity aluminum --- zirconium --- Nb3Sn --- local atomic structure --- XAFS --- melting curves --- laser-heated diamond anvil cell --- extreme conditions --- synchrotron radiation --- transition metals --- iridium --- laser heating --- density-functional theory --- melting --- radial-distribution function --- quantum molecular dynamics --- melting curve --- solid–solid phase transition boundary --- multi-phase materials --- phase relation --- Earth’s core --- iron alloys --- high-pressure --- high-temperature --- thermodynamics --- eutectic spacing --- Al-Si alloy --- superheat --- electrical resistivity --- iron sulfides --- high temperature --- Ganymede --- thermal convection --- creep testing --- ME21 --- magnesium alloy --- size effects --- miniature specimen --- PbTe --- substitutional disorder --- thermal expansion --- bulk modulus --- atomic displacement --- low temperature --- compression --- Debye temperature --- n/a --- solid-solid phase transition boundary --- Earth's core

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Semi-solid metal (SSM) processing, as a viable alternative manufacturing route to those of conventional casting and forging, has not yet been fully exploited despite nearly half a century since its introduction to the metal industry. The slow pace of adopting SSM routes may be due to various reasons, including capital costs, profit margins, and, most importantly, the lack of detailed analysis of various SSM processes in open literature to confidently establish their advantages over more conventional routes. Therefore, the SSM community must disseminate their findings more effectively to generate increased confidence in SSM processes in the eyes of our industrial leaders. As such, we have embarked on the task to invite the leaders in SSM research to share their findings in a Special Issue dedicated to semi-solid processing of metals and composites. SSM processing takes advantage of both forming and shaping characteristics usually employed for liquid and solid materials. In the absence of shear forces, the semi-solid metal has similar characteristics to solids, i.e., easily transferred and shaped; by applying a defined force, the viscosity is reduced and the material flows like a liquid. These unique dual characteristics have made SSM routes attractive alternatives to conventional casting on an industrial scale. With the intention of taking full advantage of SSM characteristics, it is crucial to understand SSM processing, including topics such as solidification and structural evolution, flow behavior through modelling and rheology, new processes and process control, alloy development, and properties in general. This Special Issue focuses on the recent research and findings in the field with the aim of filling the gap between industry and academia, and to shed light on some of the fundamentals of science and technology of semi-solid processing.

7075 aluminum alloy --- thixoforming --- post-welding-heat treatment --- electron beam welding (EBW) --- nano-sized SiC particle --- wear rate --- friction coefficient --- rheoformed --- thixoformed --- semi-solid --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- wear --- corrosion --- Al–Si alloys --- rheocasting --- HPDC --- electrochemical evaluation --- rheological model --- semi-solid state --- Mg alloys --- high-temperature rheology --- rheological properties --- rheology --- semi-solid alloys --- thixotropy --- rheometer --- compression test --- viscosity --- semi-solid material --- A356 alloy --- electromagnetic stirring --- compression --- primary α-Al particle --- enclosed cooling slope channel --- ZCuSn10P1 --- microstructure refinement --- properties --- thixowelding --- thixojoining --- semisolid joining --- cold-work tool steel --- semisolid processing --- thixoformability --- Fe-rich Al-Si-Cu alloy --- 2024 aluminum matrix composites --- Al2O3 nanoparticles --- polarized light microscopy --- anodic etching --- EBSD --- grain --- globule --- Al-Si alloy --- semi-solid metal processing --- EMS --- thixocasting --- n/a --- Al-Si alloys