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"Four decades have passed since reports of a mysterious "gay cancer" first appeared in US newspapers. In the ensuing years, the pandemic that would come to be called AIDS changed the world in innumerable ways. It also gave rise to one of the late twentieth century's largest health-based empowerment movements. Scholars across diverse traditions have documented the rise of the AIDS activist movement, chronicling the impassioned echoes of protestors who took to the streets to demand "drugs into bodies." And yet not all activism creates echoes. Included among the ranks of 1980s and 1990s-era AIDS activists were individuals whose expressions of empowerment differed markedly from those demanding open access to mainstream pharmaceutical agents. Largely forgotten today, this activist tradition was comprised of individuals who embraced unorthodox approaches for conceptualizing and treating their condition. Rejecting biomedical expertise, they shared alternative clinical paradigms, created underground networks for distributing unorthodox nostrums, and endorsed etiological models that challenged the association between HIV and AIDS. The theatre of their protests was not the streets of New York City's Greenwich Village but rather their bodies. And their language was not the riotous chants of public demonstration but the often-invisible embrace of contrarian systems for defining and treating their disease. The Sounds of Furious Living seeks to understand the AIDS activist tradition, identifying the historical currents out of which it arose. Embracing a patient-centered, social historical lens, it traces historic shifts in popular understanding of health and perceptions of biomedicine through the 19th and 20th centuries to explain the lasting appeal of unorthodox health activism into the modern era. In asking how unorthodox health activism flourished during the 20th century's last major pandemic, Kelly also seeks to inform our understanding of resistance to biomedical authority in the setting of the 21st century's first major pandemic: COVID-19. As a deeply researched portrait of distrust and disenchantment, The Sounds of Furious Living helps explain the persistence of movements that challenge biomedicine's authority well into a century marked by biomedical innovation, while simultaneously posing important questions regarding the meaning and metrics of patient empowerment in clinical practice"--

HIV Infections --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome --- Patient Advocacy --- history. --- history. --- history. --- United States. --- history, public health, health, hiv, aids, lgbt, lgbtq, gay, gender, medicine, std, activism, 1980s, epidemic, aids epidemic, NYC, New York City, Greenwich Village, pandemic, Covid-19, sociology.

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From the very beginning of the epidemic, AIDS was linked to punishment. Calls to punish people living with HIV-mostly stigmatized minorities-began before doctors had even settled on a name for the disease. Punishing Disease looks at how HIV was transformed from sickness to badness under the criminal law and investigates the consequences of inflicting penalties on people living with disease. Now that the door to criminalizing sickness is open, what other ailments will follow? With moves in state legislatures to extend HIV-specific criminal laws to include diseases such as hepatitis and meningitis, the question is more than academic.

AIDS (Disease) --- Law and legislation --- Social aspects --- academic. --- aids epidemic. --- contagion. --- contagious disease. --- crime. --- criminal law. --- criminals. --- debate. --- disease. --- doctors. --- hepatitis. --- hiv. --- illness. --- law and order. --- legal issues. --- legal penalties. --- legislature. --- lgbtq. --- living with aids. --- living with disease. --- medical history. --- medical problems. --- meningitis. --- minority problems. --- oppression. --- political history. --- politics. --- punishment. --- scholarly. --- sexuality. --- sickness. --- social policy. --- social science. --- stigma.

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The literature shows that divorced, separated, and widowed individuals in Africa are at significantly increased risk for HIV. Using nationally representative data from 13 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, this paper confirms that formerly married individuals are at significantly higher risk for HIV. The study goes further by examining individuals who have remarried. The results show that remarried individuals form a large portion of the population - usually larger than the divorced, separated, or widowed - and that they also have higher than average HIV prevalence. This large number of high-risk remarried individuals is an important source of vulnerability and further infection that needs to be acknowledged and taken into account in prevention strategies.

Aging --- AIDS epidemic --- AIDS HIV --- Disease Control and Prevention --- Diseases --- Epidemic --- Epidemics --- Females --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health Surveys --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV --- HIV AIDS and Business --- HIV Infection --- HIV positive --- HIV testing --- HIV transmission --- HIV/AIDS --- Human Immunodeficiency virus --- Immune Deficiency --- Immunodeficiency --- Population Policies --- Prevalence --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Sexually Transmitted Infections --- Syndromes

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The literature shows that divorced, separated, and widowed individuals in Africa are at significantly increased risk for HIV. Using nationally representative data from 13 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, this paper confirms that formerly married individuals are at significantly higher risk for HIV. The study goes further by examining individuals who have remarried. The results show that remarried individuals form a large portion of the population - usually larger than the divorced, separated, or widowed - and that they also have higher than average HIV prevalence. This large number of high-risk remarried individuals is an important source of vulnerability and further infection that needs to be acknowledged and taken into account in prevention strategies.

Aging --- AIDS epidemic --- AIDS HIV --- Disease Control and Prevention --- Diseases --- Epidemic --- Epidemics --- Females --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health Surveys --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV --- HIV AIDS and Business --- HIV Infection --- HIV positive --- HIV testing --- HIV transmission --- HIV/AIDS --- Human Immunodeficiency virus --- Immune Deficiency --- Immunodeficiency --- Population Policies --- Prevalence --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Sexually Transmitted Infections --- Syndromes

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The authors report results from a randomized evaluation comparing three school-based HIV/AIDS interventions in Kenya: (1) training teachers in the Kenyan Government's HIV/AIDS-education curriculum; (2) encouraging students to debate the role of condoms and to write essays on how to protect themselves against HIV/AIDS; and (3) reducing the cost of education. Their primary measure of the effectiveness of these interventions is teenage childbearing, which is associated with unprotected sex. The authors also collected measures of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS. After two years, girls in schools where teachers had been trained were more likely to be married in the event of a pregnancy. The program had little other impact on students' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, or on the incidence of teen childbearing. The condom debates and essays increased practical knowledge and self-reported use of condoms without increasing self-reported sexual activity. Reducing the cost of education by paying for school uniforms reduced dropout rates, teen marriage, and childbearing.

Access and Equity in Basic Education --- Adolescent Health --- Aids Epidemic --- AIDS HIV --- Cost of Education --- Curriculum --- Dropout Rates --- Education --- Education for All --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Gender --- Gender and Education --- Grants --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Learning --- Ministry of Education --- Papers --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Research --- School --- Schools --- Science --- Secondary Education --- Students --- Teacher --- Teacher Training --- Teachers --- Teaching --- Tertiary Education --- Textbooks --- Training --- University