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Since the Middle Ages, Africans have lived in Germany as slaves and scholars, guest workers and refugees. After Germany became a unified nation in 1871, it acquired several African colonies but lost them after World War I. Children born of German mothers and African fathers during the French occupation of Germany were persecuted by the Nazis. After World War II, many children were born to African American GIs stationed in Germany and German mothers. Today there are 500,000 Afro-Germans in Germany out of a population of 80 million. Nevertheless, German society still sees them as "foreigners," assuming they are either African or African American but never German.

In recent years, the subject of Afro-Germans has captured the interest of scholars across the humanities for several reasons. Looking at Afro-Germans allows us to see another dimension of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century ideas of race that led to the Holocaust. Furthermore, the experience of Afro-Germans provides insight into contemporary Germany's transformation, willing or not, into a multicultural society. The volume breaks new ground not only by addressing the topic of Afro-Germans but also by combining scholars from many disciplines.

Patricia Mazon is Associate Professor in the Department of History at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
Reinhild Steingrover is Assistant Professor in the Department of Humanities at the Eastman School of Music at the University of Rochester.

Blacks --- Race identity --- History. --- Germany --- Race relations. --- History --- Race relations --- Black people --- Ethnology --- Black persons --- Negroes --- African American GIs. --- African Colonies. --- Afro-German Experience. --- Afro-Germans. --- Contemporary Germany. --- Cultural Transformation. --- German Society. --- Holocaust. --- Multicultural Society. --- Nazi Persecution. --- Patricia Mazon. --- Race Ideas. --- Racial Ideas. --- Racism. --- Reinhild Steingrover. --- World War II.

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In the 1980s and 1990s, Black German women began to play significant roles in challenging the discrimination in their own nation and abroad. Their grassroots organizing, writings, and political and cultural activities nurtured innovative traditions, ideas, and practices. These strategies facilitated new, often radical bonds between people from disparate backgrounds across the Black Diaspora. Tiffany N. Florvil examines the role of queer and straight women in shaping the contours of the modern Black German movement as part of the Black internationalist opposition to racial and gender oppression. Florvil shows the multifaceted contributions of women to movement making, including Audre Lorde's role in influencing their activism; the activists who inspired Afro-German women to curate their own identities and histories; and the evolution of the activist groups Initiative of Black Germans and Afro-German Women. These practices and strategies became a rallying point for isolated and marginalized women (and men) and shaped the roots of contemporary Black German activism. Richly researched and multidimensional in scope, Mobilizing Black Germany offers a rare in-depth look at the emergence of the modern Black German movement and Black feminists' politics, intellectualism, and internationalism.--

Women, Black --- Women political activists --- Blacks --- Feminism --- Social movements --- African diaspora. --- Internationalism. --- Political activity --- Afrodeutsche Frauen. --- Initiative Schwarze Menschen in Deutschland. --- Intellectual cooperation --- International cooperation --- Cosmopolitanism --- International education --- Nationalism --- Black diaspora --- Diaspora, African --- Human geography --- Africans --- Transatlantic slave trade --- Movements, Social --- Social history --- Social psychology --- Black persons --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Political activists --- Black women --- Women, Negro --- Migrations --- Initiative of Black People in Germany --- Initiative of Black Germans --- Initiative Schwarze Deutsche --- ISD --- ISD-Bund --- Afro-German Women --- ADEFRA --- Black people

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This edited collection explores the linkages between adoption and genealogy. With its inevitable genealogical disruptions, adoption offers many interesting avenues to explore a range of psychosocial phenomena. Through both conventional research and means such as creative writing, literary criticism, and media analysis, contributors offer wide ranging perspectives on the key questions of genealogy in adoption. They do this in varied ways, reflecting different theoretical approaches and focal points on those impacted by adoption. Core issues include those of kinship, identity, and belonging. Within adoption, these link not only to personal and interpersonal experiences and relationships, but also to intersections with the workings of class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and nation (the latter two are often captured in debates regarding transracial and international adoption). Many important sites and modes of practice are highlighted, such as adoption searches and reunions, openness, access to records, and the community activism that is related to these activities. Although these have long histories, they have also been evolving with the growing importance of social media, online genealogical tools, and DNA testing. Reproductive technologies have similarly evolved, and questions relating to genealogy in adoption are mirrored in relation to donor-assisted conceptions. All these important and intriguing issues are addressed in this volume.

adoption --- search memoir --- identity --- adoptive parents --- class --- shame --- secrecy --- birthmother --- orphanage --- Irishness --- immigration --- Jeremy Harding --- Lori Jakiela --- Belonging --- Intercountry adoption --- China --- Narratives --- Genealogy --- reunion --- autobiography --- memoir --- embryo donation --- open-contact adoption --- genealogy --- genograms --- family relationships --- kinship --- qualitative research methods --- belonging --- roots --- power --- nature --- nurture --- reproductive justice --- legitimacy --- illegitimacy --- transnational adoption --- reunification --- African American --- Germany --- Black German --- Afro-German --- Afrogerman --- Afrodeutsch --- adoption reunions --- parenting --- attachment --- working-class --- n/a --- genealogical bewilderment --- ethnicity --- intercountry

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Black communities have been making major contributions to Europe's social and cultural life and landscapes for centuries. However, their achievements largely remain unrecognized by the dominant societies, as their perspectives are excluded from traditional modes of marking public memory. For the first time in European history, leading Black scholars and activists examine this issue - with first-hand knowledge of the eight European capitals in which they live. Highlighting existing monuments, memorials, and urban markers they discuss collective narratives, outline community action, and introduce people and places relevant to Black European history, which continues to be obscured today.

HISTORY / Europe / General. --- Afro-German. --- Afro-Italian. --- Black Amsterdam. --- Black Belgium. --- Black Berlin. --- Black British. --- Black Community. --- Black Europe. --- Black Germans. --- Black Italian. --- Black Knowledge. --- Black London. --- Black Paris. --- Black Rome. --- Black Warsaw. --- Blakc Copenhagen. --- Colonialism. --- Community Activism. --- Cultural History. --- European History. --- History of the 20th Century. --- History. --- Memorials. --- Memory Culture. --- Monuments. --- Plaques. --- Post-colonialism. --- Public Memory. --- Racism. --- Society. --- Statues. --- Urban History. --- Black people --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Popular Culture. --- Black people. --- Europeans --- Race discrimination. --- Urban Black people. --- Monuments --- Social life and customs. --- Europe. --- Personnes noires --- Histoire