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Until now, most works on the history of African Americans in advertising have focused on the depiction of blacks in advertisements. As the first comprehensive examination of African American participation in the industry, Madison Avenue and the Color Line breaks new ground by examining the history of black advertising employees and agency owners.For much of the twentieth century, even as advertisers chased African American consumer dollars, the doors to most advertising agencies were firmly closed to African American professionals. Over time, black participation in the industry resulted from the combined efforts of black media, civil rights groups, black consumers, government organizations, and black advertising and marketing professionals working outside white agencies. Blacks positioned themselves for jobs within the advertising industry, especially as experts on the black consumer market, and then used their status to alter stereotypical perceptions of black consumers. By doing so, they became part of the broader effort to build an African American professional and entrepreneurial class and to challenge the negative portrayals of blacks in American culture.Using an extensive review of advertising trade journals, government documents, and organizational papers, as well as personal interviews and the advertisements themselves, Jason Chambers weaves individual biographies together with broader events in U.S. history to tell how blacks struggled to bring equality to the advertising industry.

Advertising --- African American consumers. --- African Americans and mass media. --- African Americans in advertising. --- History. --- African Studies. --- African-American Studies. --- American History. --- American Studies. --- Business. --- Economics.

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Born into a tenant farming family in North Carolina in 1946, Mary Louise, Mary Ann, Mary Alice, and Mary Catherine were medical miracles. Annie Mae Fultz, a Black-Cherokee woman who lost her ability to hear and speak in childhood, became the mother of America's first surviving set of identical quadruplets. They were instant celebrities. Their White doctor named them after his own family members. He sold the rights to use the sisters for marketing purposes to the highest-bidding formula company. The girls lived in poverty, while Pet Milk's profits from a previously untapped market of Black families skyrocketed. Over half a century later, baby formula is a seventy-billion-dollar industry and Black mothers have the lowest breastfeeding rates in the country. Since slavery, legal, political, and societal factors have routinely denied Black women the ability to choose how to feed their babies. In Skimmed, Andrea Freeman tells the riveting story of the Fultz quadruplets while uncovering how feeding America's youngest citizens is awash in social, legal, and cultural inequalities. This book highlights the making of a modern public health crisis, the four extraordinary girls whose stories encapsulate a nationwide injustice, and how we can fight for a healthier future.

African American infants --- Infant formulas --- African Americans in advertising --- Breastfeeding --- Health and race --- Quadruplets --- Quads (Quadruplets) --- Brothers and sisters --- Multiple birth --- Medical anthropology --- Race --- Breast feeding --- Nursing (Breastfeeding) --- Suckling --- Infants --- Lactation --- Wet nurses --- Afro-Americans in advertising --- Advertising --- Baby formulas --- Breast milk substitutes --- Formulas, Infant --- Baby foods --- Bottle feeding --- Afro-American infants --- Infants, African American --- Nutrition --- History. --- Marketing --- Food oppression. --- breastfeeding. --- first food. --- food justice. --- formula feeding. --- health disparities. --- public health. --- racism. --- Siblings --- Pet Milk Company --- Influence. --- Pet Incorporated