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Public law. Constitutional law --- Sociology of minorities --- United States --- African Americans --- Civil rights. --- Economic conditions. --- Race relations. --- African Americans - Civil rights. --- African Americans - Economic conditions. --- United States - Race relations. --- United States of America

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Faded Dreams paints a new and challenging picture of why racial inequality changes in America. The author argues that blacks caught up with whites mainly when government policies, under political pressure by blacks and an important segment of the white community, pushed for greater racial equality. Similarly, the greatest obstacles to black gains in other periods have also been government policies. These policies usually assumed away the race problem or used it against blacks for political purposes. Faded Dreams shows that three dominant views of economic differences between blacks and whites - that blacks are individually responsible for not taking advantage of market opportunities, that the world economy has changed in ways that puts blacks at a tremendous disadvantage compared to whites, and that pervasive racism is holding blacks down - do not adequately explain why blacks made such large gains in the past and stopped making them in the 1980s and 1990s.

Sociology of minorities --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- National movements --- United States --- African Americans --- Racism --- Economic conditions --- Politics and government --- Race relations --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics --- Economic conditions. --- Politics and government. --- Race relations. --- African Americans - Economic conditions --- African Americans - Politics and government --- Racism - United States --- United States - Race relations --- United States of America

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Sociology of minorities --- Social policy and particular groups --- United States --- -Race discrimination --- -Verdeling van nationaal inkomen. Inkomensverdeling --- African Americans --- Poor --- Race discrimination --- 330.564 --- 330.564 Verdeling van nationaal inkomen. Inkomensverdeling --- Verdeling van nationaal inkomen. Inkomensverdeling --- Economic conditions --- Social problems --- Poor - United States --- African Americans - Economic conditions --- Race discrimination - United States --- United States of America

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Urban poor --- African Americans --- Inner cities --- Urban policy --- Economic conditions. --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- United States --- Race relations. --- Race question --- #SBIB:316.8H15 --- 316.344.2 --- 316.342.2 --- 316.342.2 Sociale klassen --- Sociale klassen --- 316.344.2 Socio-economische groepen --- Socio-economische groepen --- Welzijns- en sociale problemen: sociale ongelijkheid en armoede --- Social stratification --- Social problems --- Sociology of minorities --- Race relations --- Urban poor - United States. --- African Americans - Economic conditions. --- African Americans - Social conditions. --- Inner cities - United States. --- Urban policy - United States. --- United States of America

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"Loaded Dice: Race & Risk in the United States presents the historical relationship between statistical risk assessment and race in the United States. It illustrates how, through a reliance on the variable of race, actuarial science transformed the nature of racism and, in turn, helped usher racial disparities in wealth, incarceration, and housing from the nineteenth century into the twentieth. The monograph begins by investigating the development of statistical risk assessment explicitly based on race in the late-nineteenth-century life insurance industry. It then traces how such risk assessment migrated from industry to government, becoming a guiding force in sentencing and parole decisions and in federal housing policy. Finally, it concludes with an analysis of "proxies" for race-statistical variables that correlate significantly with race--in order to demonstrate the persistent presence of race in risk assessment even after the anti-discrimination regulations won by the Civil Rights Movement. Offering readers a new perspective on the historical importance of actuarial science in structural racism, Loaded Dice is a particularly timely contribution as Big Data and algorithmic decision making increasingly pervade American life"--

African Americans --- Risk assessment --- Race discrimination --- Actuarial science --- Life insurance --- African American criminals. --- Sentences (Criminal procedure) --- Noirs américains --- Évaluation du risque --- Discrimination raciale --- Relations interethniques --- Actuariat --- Assurance-vie --- Criminels noirs américains. --- Sentences (procédure pénale) --- Social conditions --- Economic conditions. --- Housing. --- Conditions sociales --- Conditions économiques. --- Logement. --- United States --- Race relations. --- United State --- African Americans - Social conditions - 1975 --- -African Americans - Economic conditions. --- Risk assessment - United States. --- Race discrimination - United States. --- Actuarial science - United States. --- African Americans - Housing. --- Life insurance - United States. --- Sentences (Criminal procedure) - United States. --- United State - Race relations. --- Noirs américains --- Évaluation du risque --- Criminels noirs américains. --- Sentences (procédure pénale) --- Conditions économiques.