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By 1970, more than 60 'Pan African nationalist' schools, from preschools to post-secondary ventures, had appeared in urban settings across the United States. The small, independent enterprises were often accused of teaching hate and were routinely harassed by authorities. Yet these institutions served as critical mechanisms for transmitting black consciousness. In this book, based on his Bancroft Award-winning dissertation, historian Russell Rickford traces the brief lives of these autonomous black institutions created to claim some of the self-determination that the integrationist civil rights movement had failed to provide.

African Americans --- African American schools --- Black power --- Black nationalism --- Racism in education --- Discrimination in education --- Education --- History --- History --- History --- History --- History --- History

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"This book describes how the early NAACP successfully organized a voting bloc in 1920s Atlanta powerful enough to force the city to build its first publicly funded Black high school"--Provided by publisher.

Protest movements --- African Americans --- African American schools --- Social movements --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Schools, African American --- Schools --- History --- Politics and government --- Civil rights --- Education --- Booker T. Washington High School (Atlanta, Ga.) --- Booker T. Washington Public High School (Atlanta, Ga.) --- Washington High School (Atlanta, Ga.) --- Atlanta (Ga.) --- City of Atlanta (Ga.) --- Race relations --- Segregation in education --- School segregation --- Discrimination in education --- Race relations in school management --- School integration --- Segregation --- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People --- NAACP (Organization) --- N.A.A.C.P. (Organization) --- Black people