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The authors constructed a standard computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to explore the economic impact of increased spending on infrastructure in six African countries: Benin, Cameroon, Mali, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda. The basic elements of the model are drawn from EXTER, adjusted to accommodate infrastructure externalities. Seven sectors were considered: food crop agriculture, export agriculture, mining and oil, manufacturing, construction, private services, and public services. Four sets of simulations were conducted: baseline nonproductive investments, roads, electricity, and telecoms. For each set of simulations, five funding schemes were considered: reduced public expenditure; increased value-added taxes; increased import duties; funding from foreign aid; and increased income taxes. In general, the funding schemes had similar qualitative and quantitative effects on macro variables. For road and electricity investment, there were relatively large quantitative differences and some qualitative differences among funding schemes at the macro level. Sectoral analysis revealed further disparities among countries and investment types. The same type of investment with the same funding sources had varying effects depending on the economic structure of the sector in question. The authors find that few sectors are purely tradable or non-tradable, having instead variable degrees of openness to trade. If the current account needs to be balanced, funding investment through foreign aid produces the strongest sectoral effects because strong price and nominal exchange rate adjustments are needed to clear the current account balance. In addition, the capital/labor ratio of each sector plays an important role in determining its winners and losers.

Adverse effect --- Agriculture --- Budget constraints --- Comparative analysis --- Debt Markets --- Economic sectors --- Economic structure --- Economic structures --- Economic Theory & Research --- Elasticity --- Emerging Markets --- Equilibrium --- Exports --- Externalities --- Externality --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Fiscal policies --- Fiscal policy --- Income --- Income taxes --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development --- Production function --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Expenditure Policy --- Real exchange rates --- Taxation

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The authors constructed a standard computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to explore the economic impact of increased spending on infrastructure in six African countries: Benin, Cameroon, Mali, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda. The basic elements of the model are drawn from EXTER, adjusted to accommodate infrastructure externalities. Seven sectors were considered: food crop agriculture, export agriculture, mining and oil, manufacturing, construction, private services, and public services. Four sets of simulations were conducted: baseline nonproductive investments, roads, electricity, and telecoms. For each set of simulations, five funding schemes were considered: reduced public expenditure; increased value-added taxes; increased import duties; funding from foreign aid; and increased income taxes. In general, the funding schemes had similar qualitative and quantitative effects on macro variables. For road and electricity investment, there were relatively large quantitative differences and some qualitative differences among funding schemes at the macro level. Sectoral analysis revealed further disparities among countries and investment types. The same type of investment with the same funding sources had varying effects depending on the economic structure of the sector in question. The authors find that few sectors are purely tradable or non-tradable, having instead variable degrees of openness to trade. If the current account needs to be balanced, funding investment through foreign aid produces the strongest sectoral effects because strong price and nominal exchange rate adjustments are needed to clear the current account balance. In addition, the capital/labor ratio of each sector plays an important role in determining its winners and losers.

Adverse effect --- Agriculture --- Budget constraints --- Comparative analysis --- Debt Markets --- Economic sectors --- Economic structure --- Economic structures --- Economic Theory & Research --- Elasticity --- Emerging Markets --- Equilibrium --- Exports --- Externalities --- Externality --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Fiscal policies --- Fiscal policy --- Income --- Income taxes --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development --- Production function --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Expenditure Policy --- Real exchange rates --- Taxation

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Cyanobacterial abundance has increased disproportionately, and this trend is likely to continue in the coming decades. This increase not only has deleterious effects on ecosystem biodiversity but also adversely affects drinking water supplies, livestock watering, crop yields, aquaculture, etc. Thus, the proliferation of cyanobacterial blooms presents human and animal health risks due to the common production of potent toxins, cyanotoxins. Moreover, these risks are aggravated by the accumulation potential of cyanotoxins and their transference to the food chain. In spite of the worldwide increasing occurrence of cyanotoxins, they are still underestimated in regulations. However, risk management of cyanotoxins is only possible after a thorough risk evaluation, and for that purpose, toxicity and exposure data are required. Thus, occurrence and monitoring information is of key importance, and new data in relation to the conditions that favor cyanobacterial growth and cyanotoxin production are welcome in order to prevent their appearance. On the other hand, in regard to toxicity, there are still many data gaps to fill. This book compiles 10 research papers and a review, which provide valuable contributions on all these aspects and demonstrate the importance of cyanobacteria toxins research.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- inflammatory bowel disease --- dextran sulfate sodium --- colitis --- microcystin --- colon --- HAB --- Adda --- canine intoxication --- MMPB --- urinalysis --- hair --- ELISA --- LC-MS/MS --- Microcystin-LR --- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease --- No Observed Adverse Effect Level --- Leprdb/J mice --- hepatotoxicity --- oxidative stress --- TiO2 enriched phosphopeptides --- Cyanotoxins --- microcystin congeners --- MC-LA --- nutrients --- climate --- Great Lakes --- raw water intake --- multivariate statistics --- long-term monitoring --- cyanobacteria --- microcystin-LR --- cylindrospermopsin --- cyanotoxins mixture --- plant growth --- toxin bioaccumulation --- cyanotoxin --- structure --- PP2A inhibition --- liquid chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- cyanotoxins --- metal --- zinc --- Microcystis aeruginosa --- in vivo --- genotoxicity --- micronucleus --- comet assay --- enzyme-modified comet assay --- rats --- drinking water quality --- Mozambique --- public health --- Llayta --- Nostoc --- flow cytometry --- liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) --- risk assessment --- management strategies --- modelling --- inflammatory bowel disease --- dextran sulfate sodium --- colitis --- microcystin --- colon --- HAB --- Adda --- canine intoxication --- MMPB --- urinalysis --- hair --- ELISA --- LC-MS/MS --- Microcystin-LR --- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease --- No Observed Adverse Effect Level --- Leprdb/J mice --- hepatotoxicity --- oxidative stress --- TiO2 enriched phosphopeptides --- Cyanotoxins --- microcystin congeners --- MC-LA --- nutrients --- climate --- Great Lakes --- raw water intake --- multivariate statistics --- long-term monitoring --- cyanobacteria --- microcystin-LR --- cylindrospermopsin --- cyanotoxins mixture --- plant growth --- toxin bioaccumulation --- cyanotoxin --- structure --- PP2A inhibition --- liquid chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- cyanotoxins --- metal --- zinc --- Microcystis aeruginosa --- in vivo --- genotoxicity --- micronucleus --- comet assay --- enzyme-modified comet assay --- rats --- drinking water quality --- Mozambique --- public health --- Llayta --- Nostoc --- flow cytometry --- liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) --- risk assessment --- management strategies --- modelling

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Why the social character of scientific knowledge makes it trustworthyAre doctors right when they tell us vaccines are safe? Should we take climate experts at their word when they warn us about the perils of global warming? Why should we trust science when so many of our political leaders don't? Naomi Oreskes offers a bold and compelling defense of science, revealing why the social character of scientific knowledge is its greatest strength—and the greatest reason we can trust it. Tracing the history and philosophy of science from the late nineteenth century to today, this timely and provocative book features a new preface by Oreskes and critical responses by climate experts Ottmar Edenhofer and Martin Kowarsch, political scientist Jon Krosnick, philosopher of science Marc Lange, and science historian Susan Lindee, as well as a foreword by political theorist Stephen Macedo.

Science --- SCIENCE / Philosophy & Social Aspects. --- Philosophy. --- Social aspects. --- Science and society --- Sociology of science --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Adverse effect. --- Adviser. --- American Association for the Advancement of Science. --- Americans. --- Amgen. --- Authoritarianism. --- Biologist. --- Biomedicine. --- Blind experiment. --- Bruno Latour. --- Cambridge University Press. --- Climate change. --- Climatology. --- Continental drift. --- Covid-19. --- Criticism. --- Decision-making. --- Dental floss. --- Distrust. --- Empirical evidence. --- Empiricism. --- Environmental impact assessment. --- Environmentalist. --- Epistemology. --- Eugenics. --- Experiment. --- Explanation. --- Fallacy. --- Funding of science. --- Funding. --- Geneticist. --- Global warming. --- Governance. --- Graduate school. --- Greenhouse gas. --- Helen Longino. --- History and philosophy of science. --- Ideology. --- Institution. --- Karl Popper. --- Lecture. --- Logical positivism. --- Ludwik Fleck. --- Merchants of Doubt. --- Methodology. --- Misuse of statistics. --- Morality. --- Naomi Oreskes. --- National Science Foundation. --- Ottmar Edenhofer. --- Paradigm shift. --- Pascal's Wager. --- Peer review. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophy of science. --- Physician. --- Physicist. --- Political psychology. --- Political science. --- Politics. --- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. --- Princeton University. --- Psychology. --- Public health. --- Public policy. --- Publication. --- Rationality. --- Reason. --- Replication crisis. --- Reproducibility. --- Result. --- Sandra Harding. --- Science studies. --- Science, technology and society. --- Science. --- Scientific community. --- Scientific consensus. --- Scientific evidence. --- Scientific method. --- Scientific opinion on climate change. --- Scientific progress. --- Scientific revolution. --- Scientific theory. --- Scientist. --- Skepticism. --- Social science. --- Sociology. --- Statistical significance. --- Suggestion. --- Sunburn. --- Sunscreen. --- Symptom. --- Tax. --- Technology. --- Theory. --- Thomas Kuhn. --- Thought. --- Vaccination. --- Vetting.