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This book explores the phenomenon of the Third Reich from a philosophical perspective. It concentrates on the ways in which the subjects and experiences of Nazi Germany, the Holocaust and Anti-Semitism are conceived by eight German thinkers from the Continental tradition. These eight intellectuals include Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, Karl Löwith, Carl Schmitt, Ernst Jünger, Jean Améry, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Jan Assmann. Based on careful philosophical examinations of both known and unknown texts of these eight thinkers (including an English translation of two forgotten texts by Schmitt and Jünger), this study exposes and then explores the tension between ideology and philosophy, between submission to authority and genuine critical thinking, all of which constitute the essence of the Continental philosophical tradition.

Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Mass murder --- National socialism and philosophy. --- Philosophy, German --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Philosophy and national socialism --- Philosophy --- Multicide --- Murder, Mass --- Murder --- Mass murder. --- Adolf Eichmann --- Ernst Jünger --- Hannah Arendt --- Hans-Georg Gadamer --- Jews --- Judaism --- Karl Löwith --- Martin Heidegger --- Nazism

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"'A Mortuary of Books' explores Jewish culture after the World War II."-- In March 1946 the American Military Government for Germany established the Offenbach Archival Depot near Frankfurt to store, identify, and restore the huge quantities of Nazi-looted books, archival material, and ritual objects that Army members had found hidden in German caches. These items bore testimony to the cultural genocide that accompanied the Nazis' systematic acts of mass murder. The depot built a short-lived lieu de memoire--a "mortuary of books," as the later renowned historian Lucy Dawidowicz called it--with over three million books of Jewish origin coming from nineteen different European countries awaiting restitution. A Mortuary of Books tells the miraculous story of the many Jewish organizations and individuals who, after the war, sought to recover this looted cultural property and return the millions of treasured objects to their rightful owners. Some of the most outstanding Jewish intellectuals of the twentieth century, including Dawidowicz, Hannah Arendt, Salo W. Baron, and Gershom Scholem, were involved in this herculean effort. This led to the creation of Jewish Cultural Reconstruction Inc., an international body that acted as the Jewish trustee for heirless property in the American Zone and transferred hundreds of thousands of objects from the Depot to the new centers of Jewish life after the Holocaust. The commitment of these individuals to the restitution of cultural property revealed the importance of cultural objects as symbols of the enduring legacy of those who could not be saved. It also fostered Jewish culture and scholarly life in the postwar world. --

Jewish property --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Cultural property --- Jews --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Hebrew imprints --- Jewish libraries --- History --- Destruction and pillage --- Repatriation --- Civilization. --- Hessen --- Israel --- Europe. --- Israel. --- United States. --- Adolf Eichmann. --- American Jewish Congress. --- American Military Government in Germany. --- Berlin. --- Cecil Roth. --- Central Collecting Points. --- Commission on European Jewish Cultural Reconstruction. --- Committee on the Restoration of Continental Jewish Museums, Libraries, and Archives. --- Eichmann trial. --- Frankfurt Agreement. --- Frankfurt. --- Gegenwartsarbeit. --- Gershom Scholem. --- Gesamtarchiv. --- Hannah Arendt. --- Hugo Bergman. --- Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, Inc. --- Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, Inc. (JCR). --- Jewish Cultural Reconstruction. --- Jewish Restitution Successor Organization (JRSO). --- Jewish collections. --- Jewish identity. --- Jewish intellectuals. --- Joshua Starr. --- Judah Magnes. --- Lucy S. Dawidowicz. --- Nuremberg. --- Offenbach Archival Depot. --- Otzrot HaGolah. --- Paper Brigade. --- Salo W. Baron. --- Salo Wittmayer Baron. --- Shlomo Shunami. --- Vilna. --- Wiesbaden Depot. --- World Jewish Congress. --- World Zionist Organization. --- YIVO. --- Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO). --- book-restitution operation. --- cultural restitution. --- diaspora. --- displaced persons camps (DP camps). --- heirless cultural property. --- historical consciousness. --- looting. --- memory objects. --- post-war Europe. --- postwar history. --- reconstruction. --- reparations. --- restitution.

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This remarkably rich collection of articles focuses on moral questions about war. The essays, originally published in Philosophy & Public Affairs, cover a wide range of topics from several points of view by writers from the fields of political science, philosophy, and law. The discussion of war and moral responsibility falls into three general categories: problems of political and military choice, problems about the relation of an individual to the actions of his government, and more abstract ethical questions as well. The first category includes questions about the ethical and legal aspects of war crimes and the laws of war; about the source of moral restrictions on military methods or goals; and about differences in suitability of conduct which may depend on differences in the nature of the opponent. The second category includes questions about the conditions for responsibility of individual soldiers and civilian officials for war crimes, and about the proper attitude of a government toward potential conscripts who reject its military policies. The third category includes disputes between absolutist, deontological, and utilitarian ethical theories, and deals with questions about the existence of insoluble moral dilemmas.

War --- War (International law) --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Act of state doctrine. --- Adolf Eichmann. --- Adolf Hitler. --- Aggression. --- Ambiguity (law). --- Analogy. --- Anguish. --- Anti-personnel weapon. --- Anti-social behaviour order. --- Appeasement. --- Attempt. --- Belligerent. --- Collective punishment. --- Collective responsibility. --- Combat. --- Combatant. --- Command responsibility. --- Conscientious objector. --- Conscription. --- Consideration. --- Crime against peace. --- Crime. --- Crimes of War. --- Criminal code. --- Criticism. --- Cruelty. --- Decision Analyst (company). --- Decision-making. --- Declaration of war. --- Demagogue. --- Deontological ethics. --- Determination. --- Deterrence theory. --- Dirty hands. --- Distributive justice. --- Essence of Decision. --- Ethical dilemma. --- Ethics. --- Foreign Policy. --- Foreign policy. --- Hostility. --- Intention (criminal law). --- International law. --- Just war theory. --- Law of the United States. --- Law of war. --- Legal burden of proof. --- Massacre. --- Military dictatorship. --- Military justice. --- Military necessity. --- Military operation. --- Military policy. --- Moral absolutism. --- Moral agency. --- Moral imperative. --- Moral obligation. --- Moral reasoning. --- Moral responsibility. --- Morale. --- Morality. --- Nazi crime. --- Nazism. --- Nuremberg and Vietnam. --- Obligation. --- Pacifism. --- Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. --- Philosophy. --- Politics as a Vocation. --- Precedent. --- Presumption. --- Prisoner of war. --- Probability. --- Probable cause. --- Public international law. --- Punishment. --- Relativism. --- Religion. --- Reprisal. --- Requirement. --- Respondeat superior. --- Ruler. --- Selective Service System. --- Special case. --- Subject (philosophy). --- Summary execution. --- Superior orders. --- The Just Assassins. --- Thought. --- Tort. --- Tribunal. --- Utilitarianism. --- Vicarious liability. --- War crime. --- War effort. --- War of aggression. --- War. --- Warfare. --- World War II. --- Wrongdoing.