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The cost of environmental degradation (COED) report focuses on Georgia's coastal zone. Georgia's coastal zone is crucial to the national economy but has been affected by substantial environmental degradation. This report estimates the impact of degradation that occurred in 2017, as a result of pollution, flooding, coastal erosion, and agricultural soil and forest degradation in eight of coastal Georgia's municipalities. Economic values are expressed in 2017 prices. This study is a first attempt to estimate the COED of Georgia's coastal zone and so features some uncertainties regarding data and information used for cost estimates. Therefore, estimates of this report provide an order of magnitude of the COED for selected areas affected by degradation. Raising awareness of the magnitude of coastal degradation is a critical step towards enacting positive change. Therefore, this report focuses on coastal Georgia's eight municipalities, estimating, in monetary terms, the COED in 2017. Estimates provide an indication of the real magnitude of damage and of the urgency of action needed to protect Georgia's coastal zone. The report is organized as follows: chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two provides an overview of the methods used for estimating the COED and covers the report limitations. Chapter three reports estimate of costs related to pollution, chapter four addresses the cost of flooding and coastal erosion, while chapter five analyzes costs associated with soil and forest degradation. Chapter six qualifies potential risks due to climate change in the coastal zone of Georgia. Chapter seven outlines some recommendations that Georgia may take to reduce annual degradation costs.

Adaptation to Climate Change --- Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Environmental Disasters and Degradation --- Water Pollution

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The Roadmap for Safer and Resilient Schools (RSRS) is a step-by-step guide intended to provide support to governments of developing countries that are exposed to natural hazards. Specifically, it focuses on the design of intervention strategies and investment plans to make schools safer and resilient at scale. The guide also encompasses the recovery and reconstruction of school facilities affected by disasters. The RSRS aims to promote cooperation among stakeholders involvedin the planning, design, and implementation of risk reduction programs across large stocks of school facilities. Key stakeholders in this effort are school infrastructure managers, relevant government agencies, ministries of finance, the World Bank, and other international financinginstitutions (IFIs) and development partners. The RSRS stems from the experience of World Bank task teams working in this field.

Adaptation to Climate Change --- Climate Change --- Climate Change and Environment --- Education --- Educational Institutions and Facilities --- Environment

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The Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) is one of the fastest-growing city regions in West Africa. GAMA is exposed to recurrent shocks and stresses on top of numerous developmental challenges and climate change issues that threaten development gains. The deadly floods of June 2015 are a reminder that creating a resilient and inclusive city must be a priority at all government levels. This report summarizes the outcomes of the process and outlines the recommendations that were identified jointly by national and local stakeholders in Ghana and World Bank specialists. Furthermore, the report provides evidence that can be leveraged by the government to request further support from the World Bank and other development partners to implement follow-up actions. The overarching message of this report is that actions are needed now to better manage and mitigate the risks and exposure of Accra to climate change and the associated shocks and stresses, gravely affecting the economy, key sectors, and the lives of households and families. Without any action, Accra remains exposed to significant and recurrent hazards, with a risk of diminishing the development gains made over the last decades. Therefore, as government moves forward to take action on this challenge, this report provides a concrete and detailed forward-looking strategy that may guide and inform policy and budget decisions, and thus eventually leading to a thriving, inclusive and more resilient Greater Accra Metropolitan Area.

Adaptation to Climate Change --- Environment --- Hazard Risk Management --- Natural Disasters --- Urban Development --- Urban Environment --- Urban Services to the Poor

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The Republic of Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia, the country shares borders with the Russian Federation to the north, China to the east, and Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and the Kyrgyz Republic to the south. The Caspian Sea forms a natural boundary to the west. Kazakhstan contains forest-steppe, steppe, semi-arid, and desert climate zones and precipitation is low throughout. This document aims to succinctly summarize the climate risks faced by Kazakhstan. This includes rapid onset and long- term changes in key climate parameters, as well as impacts of these changes on communities, livelihoods, and economies, many of which are already underway. This is a high-level synthesis of existing research and analyses, focusing on the geographic domain of Kazakhstan, therefore potentially excluding some international influences and localized impacts. The core data presented is sourced from the database sitting behind the World Bank Group's (WBG) climate change knowledge portal (CCKP), incorporating climate projections from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). This document is primarily meant for WBG and Asian Development Bank (ADB) staff to inform their climate actions. The document also aims and to direct the reader to many useful sources of secondary data and research.

Adaptation To Climate Change --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Environmental Disasters and Degradation --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Natural Disasters

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Floods are the most frequent of all-natural hazards and responsible for causing more damages than any other disasters. Globally, floods are estimated to have affected more than 2 billion people between 1998 and 2018, accounting for 45 percent of all people affected by disasters during that period with an estimated 142,088 fatalities. The immediate impacts of flooding include the loss of human life, livelihoods, damage to property, destruction of crops, loss of livestock, disruption of services, and deterioration of health conditions owing to waterborne diseases, among others. The direct economic losses caused by flooding over the last decade are estimated at US656 billion dollars, although these are systematically under-reported and actual values are likely much higher. When accounting for intangible impacts on human well-being, natural disasters are thought to cost the global economy more than US520 billion dollars a year. This report outlines a comprehensive framework for valuing the benefits associated with NbS for IUFM to facilitate the identification of appropriate and sustainable financing mechanisms to realize those values. Traditional approaches of assessing the benefits of urban flood management have been focused on avoided losses due to reductions in the probability of flooding. A benefit to this approach is that it is simple to calculate and to explain to decision makers. It can also provide information regarding the optimal level of flood risk reduction associated to the direct intervention cost. However, such traditional approaches do not reflect the full range of social, environmental and economic benefits that can be realized by NbS for IUFM. Broader recognition of these benefits, and an evaluation of their value under different circumstances, provides the foundation for capturing non-market values and leveraging private sector and community financing options. The approach described herein builds on the 'Principles for Valuing Water' articulated by the High-Level Panel on Water convened by the United Nations and the World Bank Group and includes three common types of flooding (i.e. fluvial, pluvial and coastal) through a five step process.

Adaptation To Climate Change --- Environment --- Flood Control --- Hazard Risk Management --- Natural Disasters --- Urban Development --- Urban Environment --- Water Resources