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Reasoning. --- Persuasion (Rhetoric) --- Ad hominem arguments. --- Argumentation --- Ratiocination --- Reason --- Thought and thinking --- Judgment (Logic) --- Logic --- Rhetoric --- Forensics (Public speaking) --- Oratory --- Fallacies (Logic) --- Philosophical anthropology --- General ethics

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In recent years, most political theorists have agreed that shame shouldn't play any role in democratic politics because it threatens the mutual respect necessary for participation and deliberation. But Christina Tarnopolsky argues that not every kind of shame hurts democracy. In fact, she makes a powerful case that there is a form of shame essential to any critical, moderate, and self-reflexive democratic practice. Through a careful study of Plato's Gorgias, Tarnopolsky shows that contemporary conceptions of shame are far too narrow. For Plato, three kinds of shame and shaming practices were possible in democracies, and only one of these is similar to the form condemned by contemporary thinkers. Following Plato, Tarnopolsky develops an account of a different kind of shame, which she calls "respectful shame." This practice involves the painful but beneficial shaming of one's fellow citizens as part of the ongoing process of collective deliberation. And, as Tarnopolsky argues, this type of shame is just as important to contemporary democracy as it was to its ancient form. Tarnopolsky also challenges the view that the Gorgias inaugurates the problematic oppositions between emotion and reason, and rhetoric and philosophy. Instead, she shows that, for Plato, rationality and emotion belong together, and she argues that political science and democratic theory are impoverished when they relegate the study of emotions such as shame to other disciplines.

Democracy - Philosophy. --- Democracy -- Philosophy. --- Plato. --- Plato. Gorgias. --- Shame - Political aspects. --- Shame -- Political aspects. --- Shame --- Democracy --- Philosophy --- Philosophy & Religion --- Political aspects --- Political aspects. --- Philosophy. --- Emotions --- Guilt --- Ad hominem. --- Allan Bloom. --- Ambiguity. --- Ambivalence. --- Anger. --- Aristotle. --- Athenian Democracy. --- Bernard Williams. --- Callicles. --- Catamite. --- Charmides (dialogue). --- Child abuse. --- Civility. --- Conflation. --- Controversy. --- Criticism. --- Critique. --- Crito. --- Deliberation. --- Demagogue. --- Dialectic. --- Dichotomy. --- Direction of fit. --- Disgust. --- Disposition. --- Distrust. --- Elitism. --- Embarrassment. --- False-consensus effect. --- Forensic rhetoric. --- Form of life (philosophy). --- Freedom of speech. --- Gorgias (dialogue). --- Gorgias. --- Grandiosity. --- Gregory Vlastos. --- Hannah Arendt. --- Hedonism. --- Hippias Major. --- Human Rights Watch. --- Humiliation. --- Ideology. --- Inference. --- Irony. --- Jon Elster. --- McGill University. --- Morality. --- Multitude. --- Myth. --- Nicomachean Ethics. --- Omnipotence. --- On the Soul. --- Ostracism. --- Pathos. --- Perversion. --- Phaedo. --- Phaedrus (dialogue). --- Phenomenon. --- Philosopher. --- Pity. --- Pleonexia. --- Political philosophy. --- Politics. --- Polus. --- Prejudice. --- Princeton University Press. --- Protagoras. --- Psychoanalysis. --- Psychotherapy. --- Public sphere. --- Pythagoreanism. --- Rationality. --- Reason. --- Reintegrative shaming. --- Republic (Plato). --- Result. --- Rhetoric. --- Self-criticism. --- Self-deception. --- Self-esteem. --- Self-image. --- Shame. --- Social stigma. --- Socratic (Community). --- Socratic method. --- Socratic. --- Sophism. --- Sophist. --- Suffering. --- Suggestion. --- Symposium (Plato). --- The Philosopher. --- Theory. --- Thought. --- Thrasymachus. --- Uncertainty. --- Vlastos. --- Vulnerability.

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Robert John Ackermann deals decisively with the problem of relativism that has plagued post-empiricist philosophy of science. Recognizing that theory and data are mediated by data domains (bordered data sets produced by scientific instruments), he argues that the use of instruments breaks the dependency of observation on theory and thus creates a reasoned basis for scientific objectivity.Originally published in 1985.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Logic. --- Science --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Science and society --- Sociology of science --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Social aspects. --- Philosophy. --- Methodology --- Ad hominem. --- Alternative hypothesis. --- Analogy. --- Analytic–synthetic distinction. --- Basic research. --- Bayesian probability. --- Behavioural sciences. --- Branches of science. --- Calculation. --- Case study. --- Circumlocution. --- Concept. --- Consciousness. --- Critical theory. --- Decision-making. --- Deductive-nomological model. --- Design of experiments. --- Dialectic. --- Emergence. --- Empiricism. --- Engineering. --- Epistemology. --- Experiment. --- Experimental data. --- Explanation. --- Explanatory model. --- Fact. --- Finalization. --- Form of life (philosophy). --- Grand theory. --- Heuristic. --- Historical method. --- Historicism. --- Holism. --- Human science. --- Hypothesis. --- Hypothetico-deductive model. --- Idealization. --- Ideology. --- Inductive reasoning. --- Inference. --- Instrumentalism. --- Interaction. --- Knowledge and Human Interests. --- Laboratory Life. --- Mathematics. --- Mechanism design. --- Methodology. --- Modern physics. --- Natural science. --- Objectivity (science). --- Observation. --- Ontology. --- Paradigm shift. --- Paradigm. --- Phenomenon. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophical analysis. --- Philosophical theory. --- Philosophy of science. --- Phrenology. --- Planck's principle. --- Positivism. --- Potentiality and actuality. --- Prediction. --- Probability theory. --- Proofs and Refutations. --- Pseudoscience. --- Quantification (science). --- Reagent. --- Reason. --- Relativism. --- Research program. --- Result. --- Science policy. --- Science. --- Scientific method. --- Scientific progress. --- Scientific realism. --- Scientific theory. --- Scientist. --- Situational analysis. --- Sociology. --- Sophistication. --- Subjectivism. --- Testability. --- The Conceptual Framework. --- The Structure of Science. --- Theoretical definition. --- Theoretical physics. --- Theory. --- Thomas Kuhn. --- Thought experiment. --- Thought. --- Transcendental arguments. --- Type theory. --- Utilitarianism. --- Verificationism. --- Verisimilitude.

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At the heart of human intelligence rests a fundamental puzzle: How are we incredibly smart and stupid at the same time? No existing machine can match the power and flexibility of human perception, language, and reasoning. Yet, we routinely commit errors that reveal the failures of our thought processes. 'What Makes Us Smart' makes sense of this paradox by arguing that our cognitive errors are not haphazard. Rather, they are the inevitable consequences of a brain optimized for efficient inference and decision making within the constraints of time, energy, and memory - in other words, data and resource limitations. Framing human intelligence in terms of these constraints, Samuel Gershman shows how a deeper computational logic underpins the 'stupid' errors of human cognition.

Cognition --- Cognitive psychology. --- Age factors. --- Psychology, Cognitive --- Cognitive science --- Psychology --- Age factors in cognition --- Ability, Influence of age on --- Cognition. --- Intellect. --- Human intelligence --- Intelligence --- Mind --- Ability --- Thought and thinking --- Accuracy and precision. --- Action potential. --- Ad hoc hypothesis. --- Ad hominem. --- Adaptive bias. --- Almost surely. --- Alternative hypothesis. --- Altruism. --- Ambiguity. --- Analogy. --- Anecdote. --- Approximation. --- Attractiveness. --- Bayes' theorem. --- Bayesian inference. --- Bayesian probability. --- Bayesian. --- Behavior. --- Circular reasoning. --- Cognitive flexibility. --- Cognitive style. --- Commitment device. --- Confidence. --- Confirmation bias. --- Conspiracy theory. --- Controllability. --- Counterintuitive. --- Credibility. --- Decision-making. --- Effectiveness. --- Efficacy. --- Efficiency. --- Efficient coding hypothesis. --- Efficient frontier. --- Estimation. --- Expected value. --- Explanation. --- Fair coin. --- Fair market value. --- Gimmick. --- Guessing. --- Heuristic. --- Hot Hand. --- Human intelligence. --- Hypothesis. --- Illusion of control. --- Inductive bias. --- Inference. --- Intelligent design. --- Learnability. --- Lightness (philosophy). --- Likelihood function. --- Logical extreme. --- Logical reasoning. --- Moral hazard. --- Motivated reasoning. --- Mutual exclusivity. --- Natural approach. --- Normative. --- Observation. --- Observational learning. --- Of Miracles. --- Opportunity cost. --- Optimism bias. --- Optimism. --- Our Choice. --- Pairwise comparison. --- Perfect rationality. --- Physical attractiveness. --- Point estimation. --- Politeness. --- Positive feedback. --- Predictability. --- Prediction. --- Predictive coding. --- Predictive power. --- Principle of rationality. --- Prior probability. --- Probability. --- Prosocial behavior. --- Quantity. --- Rational agent. --- Rational choice theory. --- Rationality. --- Reason. --- Reinforcement learning. --- Result. --- Self-control. --- Sophistication. --- Spontaneous recovery. --- Strong inference. --- Suggestion. --- Theory. --- Thought. --- Truth value. --- Uncertainty. --- Utility. --- Value of information. --- With high probability. --- PSYCHOLOGY / Cognitive Psychology & Cognition --- COMPUTERS / Logic Design